scholarly journals Differential accumulation of genetic and phenotypic changes in Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and Japanese encephalitis virus following passage in vitro and in vivo

Virology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 415 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly McCurdy ◽  
Julie Joyce ◽  
Sara Hamilton ◽  
Cheryl Nevins ◽  
William Sosna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis ◽  
Phenotypic Changes ◽  
Equine Encephalitis Virus

scholarly journals Replication and Clearance of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus from the Brains of Animals Vaccinated with Chimeric SIN/VEE Viruses

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 2784-2796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slobodan Paessler ◽  
Haolin Ni ◽  
Olga Petrakova ◽  
Rafik Z. Fayzulin ◽  
Nadezhda Yun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis ◽  
Challenge Virus ◽  
Equine Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Different Strains

ABSTRACT Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an important, naturally emerging zoonotic pathogen. Recent outbreaks in Venezuela and Colombia in 1995, involving an estimated 100,000 human cases, indicate that VEEV still poses a serious public health threat. To develop a safe, efficient vaccine that protects against disease resulting from VEEV infection, we generated chimeric Sindbis (SIN) viruses expressing structural proteins of different strains of VEEV and analyzed their replication in vitro and in vivo, as well as the characteristics of the induced immune responses. None of the chimeric SIN/VEE viruses caused any detectable disease in adult mice after either intracerebral (i.c.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) inoculation, and all chimeras were more attenuated than the vaccine strain, VEEV TC83, in 6-day-old mice after i.c. infection. All vaccinated mice were protected against lethal encephalitis following i.c., s.c., or intranasal (i.n.) challenge with the virulent VEEV ZPC738 strain (ZPC738). In spite of the absence of clinical encephalitis in vaccinated mice challenged with ZPC738 via i.n. or i.c. route, we regularly detected high levels of infectious challenge virus in the central nervous system (CNS). However, infectious virus was undetectable in the brains of all immunized animals at 28 days after challenge. Hamsters vaccinated with chimeric SIN/VEE viruses were also protected against s.c. challenge with ZPC738. Taken together, our findings suggest that these chimeric SIN/VEE viruses are safe and efficacious in adult mice and hamsters and are potentially useful as VEEV vaccines. In addition, immunized animals provide a useful model for studying the mechanisms of the anti-VEEV neuroinflammatory response, leading to the reduction of viral titers in the CNS and survival of animals.

scholarly journals Potential Role of Birds in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Zoonotic Transmission and Genotype Shift

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 357
Author(s):  
Muddassar Hameed ◽  
Abdul Wahaab ◽  
Mohsin Nawaz ◽  
Sawar Khan ◽  
Jawad Nazir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Zoonotic Transmission ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Genotype I ◽  
Genotype Iii

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vaccine-preventable disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), which is primarily prevalent in Asia. JEV is a Flavivirus, classified into a single serotype with five genetically distinct genotypes (I, II, III, IV, and V). JEV genotype III (GIII) had been the most dominant strain and caused numerous outbreaks in the JEV endemic countries until 1990. However, recent data shows the emergence of JEV genotype I (GI) as a dominant genotype and it is gradually displacing GIII. The exact mechanism of this genotype displacement is still unclear. The virus can replicate in mosquito vectors and vertebrate hosts to maintain its zoonotic life cycle; pigs and aquatic wading birds act as an amplifying/reservoir hosts, and the humans and equines are dead-end hosts. The important role of pigs as an amplifying host for the JEV is well known. However, the influence of other domestic animals, especially birds, that live in high abundance and close proximity to the human is not well studied. Here, we strive to briefly highlight the role of birds in the JEV zoonotic transmission, discovery of birds as a natural reservoirs and amplifying host for JEV, species of birds susceptible to the JEV infection, and the proposed effect of JEV on the poultry industry in the future, a perspective that has been neglected for a long time. We also discuss the recent in vitro and in vivo studies that show that the newly emerged GI viruses replicated more efficiently in bird-derived cells and ducklings/chicks than GIII, and an important role of birds in the JEV genotype shift from GIII to GI.

scholarly journals A Single Amino Acid Substitution in the NS2A Protein of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Affects Virus PropagationIn Vitrobut NotIn Vivo

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (11) ◽  
pp. 6126-6130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Takamatsu ◽  
Kouichi Morita ◽  
Daisuke Hayasaka
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Virus Propagation ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Unique Amino Acid

We identified a unique amino acid of NS2A113, phenylalanine, that affects the efficient propagation of two Japanese encephalitis virus strains, JaTH160 and JaOArS982, in neuroblastoma Neuro-2a cells but not in cell lines of extraneural origin. This amino acid did not affect viral loads in the brain or survival curves in mice. These findings suggest that virus propagationin vitromay not reflect the level of virus neuroinvasivenessin vivo.

scholarly journals A Single-Site Mutant and Revertants Arising in Vivo Define Early Steps in the Pathogenesis of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus

Virology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 270 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith F. Aronson ◽  
Franziska B. Grieder ◽  
Nancy L. Davis ◽  
Peter C. Charles ◽  
Travis Knott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Single Site ◽  
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis ◽  
Equine Encephalitis Virus

scholarly journals Potential Role of Birds in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Zoonotic Transmission and Genotype Shift

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muddassar hameed ◽  
Abdul wahaab ◽  
mohsin nawaz ◽  
sawar khan ◽  
Jawad Nazir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Zoonotic Transmission ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
Genotype I

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vaccine preventable disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), which is primarily prevalent in Asia. JEV is a Flavivirus, classified into a single serotype with five genetically distinct genotypes (I, II, III, IV, and V). JEV genotype III (GIII) had been the most dominant strain and caused numerous out breaks in the JEV endemic countries until 1990. However, recent data shows the emergence of genotype I (GI) as a dominant genotype and it is gradually displacing GIII. The exact mechanism of this genotype displacement is still unclear. The virus can replicate in mosquito vectors and vertebrate hosts to maintain its zoonotic life cycle; pigs and aquatic wading birds act as an amplifying/reservoir hosts, and humans and equines are the dead end hosts. The important role of pigs as an amplifying host for JEV is well known. However, the influence of other domestic animals especially birds that live in high abundance and close proximity to human is not well studied. Here, we strive to briefly highlight the role of birds in JEV zoonotic transmission, discovery of birds as a natural reservoirs and amplifying host for JEV, species of birds susceptible to JEV infection, and the proposed effect of JEV on poultry industry in future perspective which have been neglected for a long times. We also discussed the recent in vitro and in vivo studies which show that the newly emerged GI viruses replicated more efficiently in bird-derived cells and ducklings/chicks than GIII, and an important role of birds in the JEV genotype shift from GIII to GI.

A tripeptide (NSK) inhibits Japanese encephalitis virus infection in vitro and in vivo

2013 ◽  
Vol 159 (5) ◽  
pp. 1045-1055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Li ◽  
Ling-ling Ge ◽  
Ya-ling Yu ◽  
Li Huang ◽  
Yue Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection

scholarly journals Humanized Monoclonal Antibodies Derived from Chimpanzee Fabs Protect against Japanese Encephalitis Virus In Vitro and In Vivo

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (14) ◽  
pp. 7009-7021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana P. Goncalvez ◽  
Cheng-Hsin Chien ◽  
Kamolchanok Tubthong ◽  
Inna Gorshkova ◽  
Carrie Roll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Domain Iii ◽  
Humanized Monoclonal Antibodies

ABSTRACT Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)-specific Fab antibodies were recovered by repertoire cloning from chimpanzees initially immunized with inactivated JE-VAX and then boosted with attenuated JEV SA14-14-2. From a panel of 11 Fabs recovered by different panning strategies, three highly potent neutralizing antibodies, termed Fabs A3, B2, and E3, which recognized spatially separated regions on the virion, were identified. These antibodies reacted with epitopes in different domains: the major determinant for Fab A3 was Lys179 (domain I), that for Fab B2 was Ile126 (domain II), and that for Fab E3 was Gly302 (domain III) in the envelope protein, suggesting that these antibodies neutralize the virus by different mechanisms. Potent neutralizing antibodies reacted with a low number of binding sites available on the virion. These three Fabs and derived humanized monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) exhibited high neutralizing activities against a broad spectrum of JEV genotype strains. Demonstration of antibody-mediated protection of JEV infection in vivo is provided using the mouse encephalitis model. MAb B2 was most potent, with a 50% protective dose (ED50) of 0.84 μg, followed by MAb A3 (ED50 of 5.8 μg) and then MAb E3 (ED50 of 24.7 μg) for a 4-week-old mouse. Administration of 200 μg/mouse of MAb B2 1 day after otherwise lethal JEV infection protected 50% of mice and significantly prolonged the average survival time compared to that of mice in the unprotected group, suggesting a therapeutic potential for use of MAb B2 in humans.

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