Revisiting Adaptive Potential, Population Size, and Conservation

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 506-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ary A. Hoffmann ◽  
Carla M. Sgrò ◽  
Torsten N. Kristensen
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Adaptive Potential ◽  
Potential Population

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity, Structure and Effective Population Size of Old-Growth vs. Second-Growth Populations of Keystone and Long-Lived Conifer, Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus): Conservation Value and Climate Adaptation Potential

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Om P. Rajora ◽  
John W. R. Zinck
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Effective Population Size ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Conservation Value ◽  
Adaptive Potential ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Second Growth

Whether old-growth (OG) forests have higher genetic diversity and effective population size, consequently higher conservation value and climate adaptive potential than second-growth (SG) forests, remain an unresolved issue. We have tested the hypothesis that old-growth forest tree populations have higher genetic diversity, effective population size (NE), climate adaptive potential and conservation value and lower genetic differentiation than second-growth forest tree populations, employing a keystone and long-lived conifer, eastern white pine (EWP; Pinus strobus). Genetic diversity and population structure of old-growth and second-growth populations of eastern white pine (EWP) were examined using microsatellites of the nuclear and chloroplast genomes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate nuclear genes putatively involved in adaptive responses to climate and underlying multilocus genetic architecture of local adaptation to climate in EWP. Old-growth and second-growth EWP populations had statistically similar genetic diversity, inbreeding coefficient and inter-population genetic differentiation based on nuclear microsatellites (nSSRs) and SNPs. However, old-growth populations had significantly higher chloroplast microsatellites (cpSSRs) haploid diversity than second-growth populations. Old-growth EWP populations had significantly higher coalescence-based historical long-term NE than second-growth EWP populations, but the linkage disequilibrium (LD)-based contemporary NE estimates were statistically similar between the old-growth and second-growth EWP populations. Analyses of population genetic structure and inter-population genetic relationships revealed some genetic constitution differences between the old-growth and second-growth EWP populations. Overall, our results suggest that old-growth and second-growth EWP populations have similar genetic resource conservation value. Because old-growth and second-growth EWP populations have similar levels of genetic diversity in genes putatively involved in adaptive responses to climate, old-growth, and second-growth populations may have similar adaptive potential under climate change. Our results could potentially be generalized across most of the boreal and temperate conifer forest trees. Our study contributes to address a long-standing issue, advances research field and knowledge about conservation and ecological and climate adaptation of forest trees.

Historical, current, and potential population size estimates of invasive wild pigs (Sus scrofa) in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2373-2384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse S. Lewis ◽  
Joseph L. Corn ◽  
John J. Mayer ◽  
Thomas R. Jordan ◽  
Matthew L. Farnsworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wild Pigs ◽  
Population Size Estimates ◽  
Potential Population ◽  
Size Estimates

scholarly journals Levels and patterns of genetic diversity differ between two closely related endemicArabidopsisspecies

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Jacquemin ◽  
Nora Hohmann ◽  
Matteo Buti ◽  
Alberto Selvaggi ◽  
Thomas Müller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Effective Population Size ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
Adaptive Potential ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Distribution Ranges ◽  
Small Effective Population Size

AbstractTheory predicts that a small effective population size leads to slower accumulation of mutations, increased levels of genetic drift and reduction in the efficiency of natural selection. Therefore endemic species should harbor low levels of genetic diversity and exhibit a reduced ability of adaptation to environmental changes.Arabidopsis pedemontanaandArabidopsis cebennensis, two endemic species from Italy and France respectively, provide an excellent model to study the adaptive potential of species with small distribution ranges. To evaluate the genome-wide levels and patterns of genetic variation, effective population size and demographic history of both species, we genotyped 53A. pedemontanaand 28A. cebennensisindividuals across the entire species ranges with Genotyping-by-Sequencing. SNPs data confirmed a low genetic diversity forA. pedemontanaalthough its effective population size is relatively high. Only a weak population structure was observed over the small distribution range ofA. pedemontana, resulting from an isolation-by-distance pattern of gene flow. In contrary,A. cebennensisindividuals clustered in three populations according to their geographic distribution. Despite this and a larger distribution, the overall genetic diversity was even lower forA. cebennensisthan forA. pedemontana.A demographic analysis demonstrated that both endemics have undergone a strong population size decline in the past, without recovery. The more drastic decline observed inA. cebennensispartially explains the very small effective population size observed in the present population. In light of these results, we discuss the adaptive potential of these endemic species in the context of rapid climate change.

Estimating habitat suitability and potential population size for brown bears in the Eastern Alps

2011 ◽  
Vol 144 (5) ◽  
pp. 1733-1741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Güthlin ◽  
Felix Knauer ◽  
Thomas Kneib ◽  
Helmut Küchenhoff ◽  
Petra Kaczensky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Habitat Suitability ◽  
Eastern Alps ◽  
Brown Bears ◽  
Potential Population

scholarly journals Long-term Declines in the Size of Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) Colonies on Eastern Baffin Island, Canada

ARCTIC ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark L. Mallory ◽  
Cody J. Dey ◽  
Jessie McIntyre ◽  
Isabeau Pratte ◽  
Carolyn L. Mallory ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Baffin Island ◽  
Northern Fulmar ◽  
Arctic Canada ◽  
Fulmarus Glacialis ◽  
Winter Food ◽  
Potential Population ◽  
Fisheries Bycatch ◽  
Annual Decline

We censused three colonies of Northern Fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) along eastern Baffin Island, Canada, that were estimated to support 155 000 breeding pairs in 1973, but had not been adequately counted since then. The colonies were surveyed in July and August 2018 using photographs taken from a helicopter or a drone. The combined estimated colony sizes were 36 500 pairs, much smaller than historical estimates. Although the 1973 estimates were coarse, this difference represents an apparent 3+% annual decline in numbers at each colony over approximately four decades or more than 87% over three generations (66 years). Several factors may be contributing to these declines, including changes in winter food supplies and the susceptibility of fulmars to fisheries bycatch. We recommend efforts to survey the remaining major fulmar colonies in Arctic Canada to assess the overall population size and trends, and allow for further analyses of potential population drivers.

A review of published and unpublished surveys of a red-listed ‘flagship species’, the Western Tragopan Tragopan melanocephalus in Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 380-395
Author(s):  
MUHAMMAD NAEEM AWAN ◽  
FRANCIS BUNER ◽  
NEVILLE KINGDON
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Habitat Model ◽  
Flagship Species ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir ◽  
Actual Distribution ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
Potential Population ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Critical Literature

SummaryWe review all available information from previously published and unpublished material including peer-reviewed papers, technical reports, field progress reports and information from local communities and hunters on the globally threatened ‘flagship species’ Western Tragopan Tragopan melanocephalus in the State of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K), Pakistan. Based on these data we summarise the species’ currently confirmed distribution in AJ&K, its minimum confirmed population size and highlight possible first signs of range contraction outside protected areas. We then use a simple ArcGIS habitat model to predict the species’ actual distribution in AJ&K and its potential population size. Depending on the chosen criteria for habitat suitability, the estimated maximum number of Western Tragopan in AJ&K ranges between 1,875 and 3,760 adult individuals. Given that AJ&K represents c.30% of the global distribution of the species, the current population estimate of 5,000 (BirdLife International 2014) might need reconsideration. We further illustrate the importance of critical literature reviews for little-known globally threatened species such as the Western Tragopan without which red list assessments can be at risk of relying on biased data which may easily lead to incorrect conclusions.

Reduction of spermatogonia and testosterone in rat testes flown on space lab-3

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 248-249
Author(s):  
Delbert E. Philpott ◽  
W. Sapp ◽  
C. Williams ◽  
T. Fast ◽  
J. Stevenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Testicular Development ◽  
Organ Weights ◽  
Reproductive Maturation ◽  
Metabolic Activities

Space Lab 3 (SL-3) was flown on Shuttle Challenger providing an opportunity to measure the effect of spaceflight on rat testes. Cannon developed the idea that organisms react to unfavorable conditions with highly integrated metabolic activities. Selye summarized the manifestations of physiological response to nonspecific stress and he pointed out that atrophy of the gonads always occurred. Many papers have been published showing the effects of social interaction, crowding, peck order and confinement. Flickinger showed delayed testicular development in subordinate roosters influenced by group numbers, social rank and social status. Christian reported increasing population size in mice resulted in adrenal hypertrophy, inhibition of reproductive maturation and loss of reproductive function in adults. Sex organ weights also declined. Two male dogs were flown on Cosmos 110 for 22 days. Fedorova reported an increase of 30 to 70% atypical spermatozoa consisting of tail curling and/or the absence of a tail.

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