scholarly journals Never mind the length, feel the quality: the impact of long-term epidemiological data sets on theory, application and policy

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 611-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pejman Rohani ◽  
Aaron A. King
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Theory Application ◽  
The Impact

Changes Over Time

2018 ◽  
pp. 283-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Gell ◽  
Marie-Elodie Perga ◽  
C. Max Finlayson
Keyword(s):  
Data Sets ◽  
Lake Ecosystems ◽  
Wetland Ecosystems ◽  
Sediment Layers ◽  
Time Frames ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Term Monitoring ◽  
Term Data

Freshwater systems are continuously shaped by cyclical and directional forces of change, whether they be natural or anthropogenic. Beyond gradual transitions disturbances can reset their internal dynamics generating an abrupt ecological shift. Long-term data sets of gradual or abrupt change can be accessed by exhuming the physical, chemical, and biological remains archived in the sediment layers within lakes and wetlands. Long-term monitoring programmes offer more detailed evidence, usually over shorter time frames. In combination these records attest to the response of wetlands to climate and the impact of industrialised people. Humans have modified lake ecosystems for millennia and the condition of many wetland ecosystems have changed such that they are now regarded as novel. Long-term records provide targets for wetland restoration and can identify the main drivers of degradation. Identification of the character of modern Ramsar wetlands may be enhanced by reference to records of past state.

scholarly journals How to evaluate the effect of seven years of the Norwegian School Fruit Scheme (2007–2014) on fruit, vegetable and snack consumption and weight status: A natural experiment

2019 ◽  
pp. 140349481987592
Author(s):  
Ingrid Marie Hovdenak ◽  
Tonje Holte Stea ◽  
Per Magnus ◽  
Steinar Krokstad ◽  
Oddrun Samdal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Schools ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Norwegian School ◽  
The Impact

Aim: From August 2007 to June 2014, the Norwegian School Fruit Scheme (NSFS) legally established that all pupils in junior high and combined schools (275,000 pupils every year), but not those in primary schools (343,000 pupils every year), were entitled to a free piece of fruit or vegetable every school day. The NSFS is a natural experiment, unique in terms of scope and lengthiness. Such governmental efforts to improve the diet of the public are rarely evaluated. Thus, an evaluation of the comprehensive, well-designed NSFS is warranted. The aim was to describe how the NSFS can be evaluated using existing data sets. Methods: Four data sets have been identified for the evaluation of the NSFS: (a) the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study, (b) the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, (c) the Norwegian Child Growth Study/Growth in Teenagers and (d) Health Behaviour in School Aged Children. These comprehensive studies have collected cross-sectional or longitudinal data providing information about children’s dietary consumption and/or weight status, which can be utilised in the evaluation of the NSFS. Both short- and long-term effects of the NSFS related to dietary habits and weight status and the potential effect of moderators such as socio-economic status, sex, ethnicity and the age of children and adolescents can be studied. Conclusions: Worldwide, there is a lack of well-designed, long-term studies evaluating the impact of governmental efforts to improve public diet. The present study describes how the NSFS can be evaluated using data from four large data sets on eating habits and weight status.

scholarly journals The Impact of Non-uniform Sampling on Stratospheric Ozone Trends Derived from Occultation Instruments

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Damadeo ◽  
Joseph M. Zawodny ◽  
Ellis E. Remsberg ◽  
Kaley A. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Sampled Data ◽  
Uniform Sampling ◽  
Ozone Trends ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Non Uniform Sampling ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. This paper applies a recently developed technique for deriving long-term trends in ozone from sparsely sampled data sets to multiple occultation instruments simultaneously without the need for homogenization. The technique can compensate for the non-uniform temporal, spatial, and diurnal sampling of the different instruments and can also be used to account for biases and drifts between instruments. These problems have been noted in recent international assessments as being a primary source of uncertainty that clouds the significance of derived trends. Results show potential recovery trends of ~ 2–3 %/decade in the upper stratosphere at mid-latitudes, which are similar to other studies, and also how sampling biases present in these data sets can create differences in derived "recovery" trends of up to ~ 1 %/decade if not properly accounted for. Limitations inherent to all techniques (e.g., relative instrument drifts) and their impacts (e.g., trend differences up to ~ 2 %/decade) are also described and a potential path forward towards resolution is presented.

scholarly journals Outliers in Mixed Models for Monthly Average Temperatures

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes Andrade-Bejarano ◽  
Nicholas T. Longford
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Models ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Weather Patterns ◽  
Monthly Average ◽  
Recording Process ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Site Variation ◽  
Valle Del Cauca ◽  
The Impact

Long-term series of monthly average temperatures taken at 28 sites in Valle del Cauca, Colombia, are studied. Mixed models are applied to cater for the within- and between-site variation. Outliers are inevitable in such studies, due to faulty equipment, slip-ups in the recording process, or unusual weather patterns. We apply a simulation-based approach to the assessment of the outlier status of suspected observations. It is a method based on graphical comparisons of user-defined features, related to large residuals, in the real andsimulated data sets. Robustness in the identification of the outliers is achieved by applying the procedure with several alternative models. The impact of the identified outliers is assessed. Two meteorological stations, Zaragoza and Monteloro, are identified as having many outliers, so that all the data from them should be discarded.

scholarly journals MORBIDITY BY TUBERCULOSIS IN THE JIU VALLEY: RELATION WITH DIAGNOSTIC PRACTICE AND THE IMPACT ON THERAPEUTIC RESULTS

2017 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-53
Author(s):  
Nicolae Petre ◽  
Daniela Homorodean ◽  
Carmen Monica Pop
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Life Style ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Health State ◽  
Tuberculous Disease ◽  
Poor Area ◽  
The Impact

Background and aim. In the last two and a half decades the dynamics of tuberculosis has been modelled by social and economic conditions, with consequences on the life style, and effects on the onset and evolution of the disease. The Jiu Valley is an area with social problems: mining, mines closing down and ceasing activity, poverty. We looked for a relationship between changes of life style in the Jiu Valley and the dynamics of tuberculosis.Methods. We studied 528 patients who asked for medical services in different hospitals in the Jiu Valley between 2010-2013. We structurally characterized this group, we identified the characteristics of life style, and we assessed the health state, in particular the relation with tuberculosis.Results. We found out that the quality of life was influenced by the health state, especially by tuberculous disease. Quality of life was influenced by the life style, professional factors and their long term consequences. The study evidenced a strong relationship between apparently very different factors such as life style, professional factors on one side and those characterizing tuberculosis.Conclusions. We report the first detailed epidemiological data on tuberculosis in an economically poor area, the Jiu Valley.

scholarly journals The impact of nonuniform sampling on stratospheric ozone trends derived from occultation instruments

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 535-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Damadeo ◽  
Joseph M. Zawodny ◽  
Ellis E. Remsberg ◽  
Kaley A. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Nonuniform Sampling ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Sampled Data ◽  
International Assessments ◽  
Ozone Trends ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. This paper applies a recently developed technique for deriving long-term trends in ozone from sparsely sampled data sets to multiple occultation instruments simultaneously without the need for homogenization. The technique can compensate for the nonuniform temporal, spatial, and diurnal sampling of the different instruments and can also be used to account for biases and drifts between instruments. These problems have been noted in recent international assessments as being a primary source of uncertainty that clouds the significance of derived trends. Results show potential “recovery” trends of ∼ 2–3 % decade−1 in the upper stratosphere at midlatitudes, which are similar to other studies, and also how sampling biases present in these data sets can create differences in derived recovery trends of up to ∼ 1 % decade−1 if not properly accounted for. Limitations inherent to all techniques (e.g., relative instrument drifts) and their impacts (e.g., trend differences up to ∼ 2 % decade−1) are also described and a potential path forward towards resolution is presented.

The ‘distribution question’: measuring and evaluating trends in inequality

2019 ◽  
pp. 187-198
Author(s):  
Stewart Lansley
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Top Incomes ◽  
National Debate ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

This chapter examines the role played by key data sets and statistical analysis in the growing debate about inequality in the UK and elsewhere. It reviews the evidence from studies of long term trends in the share of top incomes in the UK and other countries, and the remarkable impact of the findings on the politics of the inequality debate. It shows the way the studies came to challenge key aspects of prevailing economic orthodoxy, and their profound influence on public awareness of how the economic cake is shared. It then examines the revived debate around the impact of rising inequality on economic growth and stability. Finally, it draws some lessons from the way UK official statistics on inequality have been used by government in the national debate about trends in the income gap.

Suppressed, but Not Forgotten

2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beat Meier ◽  
Anja König ◽  
Samuel Parak ◽  
Katharina Henke
Keyword(s):  
Memory Trace ◽  
Thought Suppression ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Indirect Test ◽  
Final Test ◽  
Test Experiment ◽  
And Control ◽  
Cue Words ◽  
The Impact

This study investigates the impact of thought suppression over a 1-week interval. In two experiments with 80 university students each, we used the think/no-think paradigm in which participants initially learn a list of word pairs (cue-target associations). Then they were presented with some of the cue words again and should either respond with the target word or avoid thinking about it. In the final test phase, their memory for the initially learned cue-target pairs was tested. In Experiment 1, type of memory test was manipulated (i.e., direct vs. indirect). In Experiment 2, type of no-think instructions was manipulated (i.e., suppress vs. substitute). Overall, our results showed poorer memory for no-think and control items compared to think items across all experiments and conditions. Critically, however, more no-think than control items were remembered after the 1-week interval in the direct, but not in the indirect test (Experiment 1) and with thought suppression, but not thought substitution instructions (Experiment 2). We suggest that during thought suppression a brief reactivation of the learned association may lead to reconsolidation of the memory trace and hence to better retrieval of suppressed than control items in the long term.

Examining the Impact of the Disabled Youth Peer Development Initiative: What are the Long-Term Outcomes?

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Garate-Serafini ◽  
Jose Mendez ◽  
Patty Arriaga ◽  
Larry Labiak ◽  
Carol Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
The Impact
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document