In recent years, a growing number of cities in China have successively rolled out bicycle-sharing systems to facilitate bicycle use, including not only metropolises but also some underdeveloped cities with populations of less than 1 million. One of those underdeveloped cities, Xuchang, launched its bicycle-sharing system in 2014. This service provides a convenient way for members to cycle for some of their short trips. Interest in the bicycle-sharing systems of metropolises is growing rapidly; however, studies on underdeveloped cities are still limited. This study investigated the factors influencing the adoption of a bicycle-sharing system in Xuchang, by analyzing massive smart card data from July 2014 to mid-April 2015 and 500 intercept survey questionnaires in April 2015. Different questions were ready for members and nonmembers in the questionnaires and the statistical results show the characteristics of users of the Xuchang bicycle-sharing system, including demographic characteristics, travel habits, and degree of satisfaction. Moreover, the space–time distribution characteristics of the Xuchang bicycle-sharing system were analyzed by dividing a massive data set into three groups: weekdays, weekends, and holidays. Results showed that compared with the clearly defined role of “resolve the last-kilometer problem” in a metropolis, bicycle-sharing in underdeveloped cities acts as an alternative way of transportation rather than a transfer traffic mode. Results also showed that bicycle-sharing systems gained more popularity in underdeveloped cities than in metropolises because of the smaller extent of egression, resident travel habits, the traffic environment, and so on.