A Delicate Connection: c-di-AMP Affects Cell Integrity by Controlling Osmolyte Transport

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian M. Commichau ◽  
Johannes Gibhardt ◽  
Sven Halbedel ◽  
Jan Gundlach ◽  
Jörg Stülke
Keyword(s):  
Cell Integrity ◽  
Osmolyte Transport

Histological evaluation of cochlear hair cell damage from noise-induced hearing loss in chinchillas

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 332-333
Author(s):  
R.V. Harrison ◽  
R.J. Mount ◽  
P. White ◽  
N. Fukushima
Keyword(s):  
Hair Cell ◽  
Evoked Potential ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Acoustic Trauma ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Cell Integrity ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Cochlear Hair Cell ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Contralateral Ear

In studies which attempt to define the influence of various factors on recovery of hair cell integrity after acoustic trauma, an experimental and a control ear which initially have equal degrees of damage are required. With in a group of animals receiving an identical level of acoustic trauma there is more symmetry between the ears of each individual, in respect to function, than between animals. Figure 1 illustrates this, left and right cochlear evoked potential (CAP) audiograms are shown for two chinchillas receiving identical trauma. For this reason the contralateral ear is used as control.To compliment such functional evaluations we have devised a scoring system, based on the condition of hair cell stereocilia as revealed by scanning electron microscopy, which permits total stereociliar damage to be expressed numerically. This quantification permits correlation of the degree of structural pathology with functional changes. In this paper wereport experiments to verify the symmetry of stereociliar integrity between two ears, both for normal (non-exposed) animals and chinchillas in which each ear has received identical noise trauma.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae SSD1-VConfers Longevity by a Sir2p-Independent Mechanism

Genetics ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 166 (4) ◽  
pp. 1661-1672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Kaeberlein ◽  
Alex A Andalis ◽  
Gregory B Liszt ◽  
Gerald R Fink ◽  
Leonard Guarente
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Polymorphic Locus ◽  
Cell Integrity ◽  
Cycle Progression ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Maximal Life Span ◽  
Independent Mechanism ◽  
Yeast Aging

AbstractThe SSD1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a polymorphic locus that affects diverse cellular processes including cell integrity, cell cycle progression, and growth at high temperature. We show here that the SSD1-V allele is necessary for cells to achieve extremely long life span. Furthermore, addition of SSD1-V to cells can increase longevity independently of SIR2, although SIR2 is necessary for SSD1-V cells to attain maximal life span. Past studies of yeast aging have been performed in short-lived ssd1-d strain backgrounds. We propose that SSD1-V defines a previously undescribed pathway affecting cellular longevity and suggest that future studies on longevity-promoting genes should be carried out in long-lived SSD1-V strains.

scholarly journals Specific Functional Features of the Cell Integrity MAP Kinase Pathway in the Dimorphic Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces japonicus

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 482
Author(s):  
Elisa Gómez-Gil ◽  
Alejandro Franco ◽  
Beatriz Vázquez-Marín ◽  
Francisco Prieto-Ruiz ◽  
Armando Pérez-Díaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fission Yeast ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Yeast Species ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Cell Integrity ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Functional Features

Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways execute essential functions in eukaryotic organisms by transducing extracellular stimuli into adaptive cellular responses. In the fission yeast model Schizosaccharomyces pombe the cell integrity pathway (CIP) and its core effector, MAPK Pmk1, play a key role during regulation of cell integrity, cytokinesis, and ionic homeostasis. Schizosaccharomyces japonicus, another fission yeast species, shows remarkable differences with respect to S. pombe, including a robust yeast to hyphae dimorphism in response to environmental changes. We show that the CIP MAPK module architecture and its upstream regulators, PKC orthologs Pck1 and Pck2, are conserved in both fission yeast species. However, some of S. pombe’s CIP-related functions, such as cytokinetic control and response to glucose availability, are regulated differently in S. japonicus. Moreover, Pck1 and Pck2 antagonistically regulate S. japonicus hyphal differentiation through fine-tuning of Pmk1 activity. Chimeric MAPK-swapping experiments revealed that S. japonicus Pmk1 is fully functional in S. pombe, whereas S. pombe Pmk1 shows a limited ability to execute CIP functions and promote S. japonicus mycelial development. Our findings also suggest that a modified N-lobe domain secondary structure within S. japonicus Pmk1 has a major influence on the CIP signaling features of this evolutionarily diverged fission yeast.

scholarly journals Lipid Remodeling Confers Osmotic Stress Tolerance to Embryogenic Cells during Cryopreservation

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 2174
Author(s):  
Liang Lin ◽  
Junchao Ma ◽  
Qin Ai ◽  
Hugh W. Pritchard ◽  
Weiqi Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Cell Integrity ◽  
Embryogenic Cells ◽  
Osmotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Lipid Species ◽  
Magnolia Officinalis

Plant species conservation through cryopreservation using plant vitrification solutions (PVS) is based in empiricism and the mechanisms that confer cell integrity are not well understood. Using ESI-MS/MS analysis and quantification, we generated 12 comparative lipidomics datasets for membranes of embryogenic cells (ECs) of Magnolia officinalis during cryogenic treatments. Each step of the complex PVS-based cryoprotocol had a profoundly different impact on membrane lipid composition. Loading treatment (osmoprotection) remodeled the cell membrane by lipid turnover, between increased phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and decreased phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). The PA increase likely serves as an intermediate for adjustments in lipid metabolism to desiccation stress. Following PVS treatment, lipid levels increased, including PC and PE, and this effectively counteracted the potential for massive loss of lipid species when cryopreservation was implemented in the absence of cryoprotection. The present detailed cryobiotechnology findings suggest that the remodeling of membrane lipids and attenuation of lipid degradation are critical for the successful use of PVS. As lipid metabolism and composition varies with species, these new insights provide a framework for technology development for the preservation of other species at increasing risk of extinction.

scholarly journals Elotuzumab spares dendritic cell integrity and functionality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Schlaweck ◽  
Leon Strauss ◽  
Solveig Daecke ◽  
Peter Brossart ◽  
Annkristin Heine
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cell ◽  
Cell Integrity

Ochratoxin A challenges the intestinal epithelial cell integrity: results obtained in model experiments with Caco-2 cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Alizadeh ◽  
P. Akbari ◽  
S. Varasteh ◽  
S. Braber ◽  
H. Malekinejad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Lucifer Yellow ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Cell Integrity ◽  
Barrier Integrity

Contamination of human and animal diets with different mycotoxins have gained significant attention over the past decade. The intestinal barrier is the first site of exposure and a primary target for nutritional contaminants and hazardous substances including mycotoxins. In this study, the potential impact of ochratoxin A (OTA) on intestinal barrier integrity was highlighted using a human intestinal Caco-2 cell line. Cell viability following OTA exposure was determined by lactate dehydrogenase release and the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Moreover, markers of barrier integrity, such as transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) as well as the permeability of Lucifer Yellow (LY) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran, were assessed. Furthermore, the protein expression of different tight junction (TJ) proteins, as main constituents of barrier integrity, was evaluated by Western blot. Results show that OTA reduces TEER values in a concentration- and time-dependent manner and increase the permeability of LY through the intestinal epithelial layer, while the cell viability did not change significantly. However, the damage was not severe enough to change the permeability to larger molecules, such as FITC-dextran. OTA exposure down-regulated the expression of TJ proteins claudin-1, -3 and -4 and up-regulated the expression of zona occludens 1. The observation that OTA can disrupt the epithelial barrier is of clinical importance as it may lead to an increased passage of luminal antigens into the systemic circulation.

scholarly journals Adiponectin receptor 1 conserves docosahexaenoic acid and promotes photoreceptor cell survival

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis S. Rice ◽  
Jorgelina M. Calandria ◽  
William C. Gordon ◽  
Bokkyoo Jun ◽  
Yongdong Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Photoreceptor Cell ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Adiponectin Receptor ◽  
Cell Integrity ◽  
Photoreceptor Degeneration ◽  
Adiponectin Receptor 1

Abstract The identification of pathways necessary for photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) function is critical to uncover therapies for blindness. Here we report the discovery of adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) as a regulator of these cells’ functions. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is avidly retained in photoreceptors, while mechanisms controlling DHA uptake and retention are unknown. Thus, we demonstrate that AdipoR1 ablation results in DHA reduction. In situ hybridization reveals photoreceptor and RPE cell AdipoR1 expression, blunted in AdipoR1−/− mice. We also find decreased photoreceptor-specific phosphatidylcholine containing very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and severely attenuated electroretinograms. These changes precede progressive photoreceptor degeneration in AdipoR1−/− mice. RPE-rich eyecup cultures from AdipoR1−/− reveal impaired DHA uptake. AdipoR1 overexpression in RPE cells enhances DHA uptake, whereas AdipoR1 silencing has the opposite effect. These results establish AdipoR1 as a regulatory switch of DHA uptake, retention, conservation and elongation in photoreceptors and RPE, thus preserving photoreceptor cell integrity.

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