Topographic representation of high-level cognition: numerosity or sensory processing?

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Titia Gebuis ◽  
Wim Gevers ◽  
Roi Cohen Kadosh
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Topographic Representation ◽  
High Level

Sensory processing in a thermal afferent pathway

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Davies ◽  
G. E. Goldsmith ◽  
R. F. Hellon ◽  
D. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Dynamic Responses ◽  
Trigeminal Nucleus ◽  
Afferent Pathway ◽  
Afferent Fibers ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
Caudal Trigeminal Nucleus ◽  
High Level

Extracellular recordings were made from cold-receptive afferent fibers in the trigeminal ganglion of rats anesthetized with halothane. By applying a standardized series of steady or changing temperatures to the receptive fields, we recorded the static and dynamic responses of the afferents. Comparable recordings were made from neurons in the marginal layer of the caudal trigeminal nucleus onto which the cold fibers synapse. The static and dynamic responses of the afferent fibers were reproduced faithfully by the second-order neurons, but at a much higher level of activity. Ganglionectomy silenced the second-order cells. Their continuous high level of activity appears to depend on the tonic input from the afferent fibers and not on any intrinsic circuits in the medulla.

scholarly journals Synchronous dynamics for cognitive coordination: But how?

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-107
Author(s):  
M.-A. Tagamets ◽  
Barry Horwitz
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Scale Modeling ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
High Level ◽  
Large Scale Modeling ◽  
Processing Mechanism

AbstractAlthough interesting, the hypotheses proposed by Phillips & Silverstein lack unifying structure both in specific mechanisms and in cited evidence. They provide little to support the notion that low-level sensory processing and high-level cognitive coordination share dynamic grouping by synchrony as a common processing mechanism. We suggest that more realistic large-scale modeling at multiple levels is needed to address these issues.

scholarly journals Unexpected sound omissions are signaled in human posterior superior temporal gyrus: an intracranial study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne M. Fonken ◽  
Arjun Mukerji ◽  
Richard Jimenez ◽  
Jack Lin ◽  
Peter Brunner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Refractory Epilepsy ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Behavioral Performance ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Electrophysiological Signals ◽  
Evoked Activity ◽  
Sensory Neural ◽  
High Level

AbstractContext modulates sensory neural activations enhancing perceptual and behavioral performance and reducing prediction errors. However, the mechanism of when and where these high-level expectations act on sensory processing is unclear. Here, we isolate the effect of expectation absent any auditory evoked activity by assessing the response to omitted expected sounds. Electrophysiological signals were recorded directly from the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and superior temporal sulcus (STS) in patients with medically refractory epilepsy. Subjects listened to a predictable sequence of syllables, with some infrequently omitted. We found a high frequency band (HFB, 70-150Hz) response to omissions, which overlap with a posterior subset of auditory active electrodes. This response is distinct from omission activations observed in non-auditory selective sites in STG. Heard syllables could be classified reliably from STG, but not the identity of the omitted stimulus. Both omission- and target detection activations were also observed in prefrontal cortex.We propose that the posterior STG and STS are central for implementing predictions in the auditory environment. HFB omission activations in this region appear to index mismatch-signaling or salience detection processes.

Transcription factor/DNA interactions visualized by electron spectroscopic imaging

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 450-451
Author(s):  
David P. Bazett-Jones ◽  
Mark L. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Transcription Initiation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Spectroscopic Imaging ◽  
Electron Spectroscopic Imaging ◽  
Dna Backbone ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
High Level

A multisubunit RNA polymerase enzyme is ultimately responsible for transcription initiation and elongation of RNA, but recognition of the proper start site by the enzyme is regulated by general, temporal and gene-specific trans-factors interacting at promoter and enhancer DNA sequences. To understand the molecular mechanisms which precisely regulate the transcription initiation event, it is crucial to elucidate the structure of the transcription factor/DNA complexes involved. Electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) provides the opportunity to visualize individual DNA molecules. Enhancement of DNA contrast with ESI is accomplished by imaging with electrons that have interacted with inner shell electrons of phosphorus in the DNA backbone. Phosphorus detection at this intermediately high level of resolution (≈lnm) permits selective imaging of the DNA, to determine whether the protein factors compact, bend or wrap the DNA. Simultaneously, mass analysis and phosphorus content can be measured quantitatively, using adjacent DNA or tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) as mass and phosphorus standards. These two parameters provide stoichiometric information relating the ratios of protein:DNA content.

Advances in Stem Instrumentation for Biology

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 362-363
Author(s):  
J. S. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Carbon Films ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Material Deposition ◽  
Active User ◽  
Percent Improvement ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Film Substrate ◽  
High Level

The forte of the Scanning transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) is high resolution imaging with high contrast on thin specimens, as demonstrated by visualization of single heavy atoms. of equal importance for biology is the efficient utilization of all available signals, permitting low dose imaging of unstained single molecules such as DNA.Our work at Brookhaven has concentrated on: 1) design and construction of instruments optimized for a narrow range of biological applications and 2) use of such instruments in a very active user/collaborator program. Therefore our program is highly interactive with a strong emphasis on producing results which are interpretable with a high level of confidence.The major challenge we face at the moment is specimen preparation. The resolution of the STEM is better than 2.5 A, but measurements of resolution vs. dose level off at a resolution of 20 A at a dose of 10 el/A2 on a well-behaved biological specimen such as TMV (tobacco mosaic virus). To track down this problem we are examining all aspects of specimen preparation: purification of biological material, deposition on the thin film substrate, washing, fast freezing and freeze drying. As we attempt to improve our equipment/technique, we use image analysis of TMV internal controls included in all STEM samples as a monitor sensitive enough to detect even a few percent improvement. For delicate specimens, carbon films can be very harsh-leading to disruption of the sample. Therefore we are developing conducting polymer films as alternative substrates, as described elsewhere in these Proceedings. For specimen preparation studies, we have identified (from our user/collaborator program ) a variety of “canary” specimens, each uniquely sensitive to one particular aspect of sample preparation, so we can attempt to separate the variables involved.

A Questionnaire Survey of Current Rehabilitation Practices for Adults With Normal Hearing Sensitivity Who Experience Auditory Difficulties

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 738-761
Author(s):  
Tess K. Koerner ◽  
Melissa A. Papesh ◽  
Frederick J. Gallun
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Patient Population ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Auditory Training ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Hearing Sensitivity ◽  
Considerable Benefit ◽  
High Level

Purpose A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect information from clinical audiologists about rehabilitation options for adult patients who report significant auditory difficulties despite having normal or near-normal hearing sensitivity. This work aimed to provide more information about what audiologists are currently doing in the clinic to manage auditory difficulties in this patient population and their views on the efficacy of recommended rehabilitation methods. Method A questionnaire survey containing multiple-choice and open-ended questions was developed and disseminated online. Invitations to participate were delivered via e-mail listservs and through business cards provided at annual audiology conferences. All responses were anonymous at the time of data collection. Results Responses were collected from 209 participants. The majority of participants reported seeing at least one normal-hearing patient per month who reported significant communication difficulties. However, few respondents indicated that their location had specific protocols for the treatment of these patients. Counseling was reported as the most frequent rehabilitation method, but results revealed that audiologists across various work settings are also successfully starting to fit patients with mild-gain hearing aids. Responses indicated that patient compliance with computer-based auditory training methods was regarded as low, with patients generally preferring device-based rehabilitation options. Conclusions Results from this questionnaire survey strongly suggest that audiologists frequently see normal-hearing patients who report auditory difficulties, but that few clinicians are equipped with established protocols for diagnosis and management. While many feel that mild-gain hearing aids provide considerable benefit for these patients, very little research has been conducted to date to support the use of hearing aids or other rehabilitation options for this unique patient population. This study reveals the critical need for additional research to establish evidence-based practice guidelines that will empower clinicians to provide a high level of clinical care and effective rehabilitation strategies to these patients.

Magnitude Estimation and Cross-Modal Matching of Lingual Vibrotactile and Auditory Sensation

1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 698-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Harris ◽  
Donald Fucci ◽  
Linda Petrosino
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Stimulus ◽  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Thenar Eminence ◽  
Stimulus Range ◽  
Psychophysical Scaling ◽  
Scaling Methods ◽  
Response Biases

The present experiment was a preliminary attempt to use the psychophysical scaling methods of magnitude estimation and cross-modal matching to investigate suprathreshold judgments of lingual vibrotactile and auditory sensation magnitudes for 20 normal young adult subjects. A 250-Hz lingual vibrotactile stimulus and a 1000-Hz binaural auditory stimulus were employed. To obtain judgments for nonoral vibrotactile sensory magnitudes, the thenar eminence of the hand was also employed as a test site for 5 additional subjects. Eight stimulus intensities were presented during all experimental tasks. The results showed that the slopes of the log-log vibrotactile magnitude estimation functions decreased at higher stimulus intensity levels for both test sites. Auditory magnitude estimation functions were relatively constant throughout the stimulus range. Cross-modal matching functions for the two stimuli generally agreed with functions predicted from the magnitude estimation data, except when subjects adjusted vibration on the tongue to match auditory stimulus intensities. The results suggested that the methods of magnitude estimation and cross-modal matching may be useful for studying sensory processing in the speech production system. However, systematic investigation of response biases associated with vibrotactile-auditory psychophysical scaling tasks appears to be a prerequisite.

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