The cost of additive manufacturing: machine productivity, economies of scale and technology-push

2016 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Baumers ◽  
Phill Dickens ◽  
Chris Tuck ◽  
Richard Hague
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Machine Productivity ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Manufacturing Machine

Marginal assessment of the cost and benefits of aphasia treatment: Evidence from community-based telerehabilitation treatment for aphasia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1357633X2098277
Author(s):  
Molly Jacobs ◽  
Patrick M Briley ◽  
Heather Harris Wright ◽  
Charles Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Conduction Aphasia ◽  
Aphasia Treatment ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction Few studies have reported information related to the cost-effectiveness of traditional face-to-face treatments for aphasia. The emergence and demand for telepractice approaches to aphasia treatment has resulted in an urgent need to understand the costs and cost-benefits of this approach. Methods Eighteen stroke survivors with aphasia completed community-based aphasia telerehabilitation treatment, utilizing the Language-Oriented Treatment (LOT) delivered via Webex videoconferencing program. Marginal benefits to treatment were calculated as the change in Western Aphasia Battery-Revised (WAB-R) score pre- and post-treatment and marginal cost of treatment was calculated as the relationship between change in WAB-R aphasia quotient (AQ) and the average cost per treatment. Controlling for demographic variables, Bayesian estimation evaluated the primary contributors to WAB-R change and assessed cost-effectiveness of treatment by aphasia type. Results Thirteen out of 18 participants experienced significant improvement in WAB-R AQ following telerehabilitation delivered therapy. Compared to anomic aphasia (reference group), those with conduction aphasia had relatively similar levels of improvement whereas those with Broca’s aphasia had smaller improvement. Those with global aphasia had the largest improvement. Each one-point of improvement cost between US$89 and US$864 for those who improved (mean = US$200) depending on aphasia type/severity. Discussion Individuals with severe aphasia may have the greatest gains per unit cost from treatment. Both improvement magnitude and the cost per unit of improvement were driven by aphasia type, severity and race. Economies of scale to aphasia treatment–cost may be minimized by treating a variety of types of aphasia at various levels of severity.

Additive Manufacturing on Building Construction

2021 ◽  
Vol 412 ◽  
pp. 207-216
Author(s):  
A.S. Guimarães ◽  
J.M.P.Q. Delgado ◽  
S.S. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Building Construction ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Of Construction

The future of construction will be directly connected with additive manufacturing (AM). It is easy to see the lack of consistency between jobs, labour inefficiency, schedule delays, delays on material delivery, exceeding budget projections and high percentage of material waste. Over the years, additive manufacturing has been a constant topic of discussion, in order to understand the limitations, applications and the overall impact on the cost of construction. In this work it is intended to present/discuss opportunities and challenges and the potential of AM to revolutionize the industry.

An Efficient Single-Screw 11 000 TEU Containership: The Suez Max SS

2001 ◽  
Vol 38 (04) ◽  
pp. 219-232
Author(s):  
B. J. Rosello ◽  
A. N. Perakis
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Suez Canal ◽  
Efficient Design ◽  
Single Screw ◽  
Economical Design ◽  
Initial Stability ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
The Cost

The ability to transport containers with the least cost at currently required service speeds of approximately 25 knots to maintain a regular operating schedule is the goal of every post-panamax containership operator. The desire to carry more containers is driven by several economies of scale and their implications, which allow for significant savings. A single-screw containership, the Suez Max SS, is designed and evaluated against existing designs that include the P & O Nedlloyd Southhampton, Maersk S-Class, and the twin-screw Suez Max, which is a concept vessel. The containerships are compared using several different ratios and a cost per 20-ft equivalent unit (TEU) evaluation. The design of the Suez Max SS was built to the maximum draft currently allowed by the Suez Canal Authority. An initial stability analysis is performed that utilizes five different container loading conditions. A cost analysis that involves capital, operating, port, and fuel costs and Suez Canal fees is also completed. The four vessels are evaluated on a round-trip schedule between the ports of Rotterdam and Singapore with the same voyage characteristics and conditions. The Suez Max SS is found to be a more economical design with savings of approximately 25% over the existing vessels and a 15% savings over the concept vessel evaluated in the cost analysis. The Suez Max SS utilizes its economies of scale and the advantages of a two-port schedule that allow it to be such a cost-efficient design.

Student Laptop Ownership Requirement and Centralization of Information Technology Services at a Large Public University

2011 ◽  
pp. 201-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory B. Newby
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Chief Information Officer ◽  
Public University ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Information Technology Services ◽  
Technology Services ◽  
The Cost

A large, highly ranked public university implemented a requirement for all incoming undergraduates to own a laptop computer starting in fall, 2000. To control increased expenditures for information technology, this requirement has shifted some of the cost of technology to students by decreasing the need for centralized general-purpose computing laboratories. At the same time, a shift towards centralized academic computing support occurred. This shift was away from information technology resources, services and support based in individual departments. This shift, engineered by the newly formed office of the Chief Information Officer (CIO), was envisioned to generate cost savings through economies of scale. The educational impact of the laptop requirement is starting to be felt, but adoption is not widespread in daily classroom use. Envisioned cost savings have not yet become apparent. However, laptop ownership has enabled some new classroom activities and helped to reinforce the leading-edge image of the university.

scholarly journals Overcoming the Challenges for a Mass Manufacturing Machine for the Assembly of PEMFC Stacks

Machines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Porstmann ◽  
Wannemacher ◽  
Richter
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Fuel Cell Stack ◽  
Electrolyte Membrane ◽  
Modular Concept ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Manufacturing Machine

One of the major obstacles standing in the way of a break-through in fuel cell technology is its relatively high costs compared to well established fossil-based technologies. The reasons for these high costs predominantly lie in the use of non-standardized components, complex system components, and non-automated production of fuel cells. This problem can be identified at multiple levels, for example, the electrochemically active components of the fuel cell stack, peripheral components of the fuel cell system, and eventually on the level of stack and system assembly. This article focused on the industrialization of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack components and assembly. To achieve this, the first step is the formulation of the requirement specifications for the automated PEMFC stack production. The developed mass manufacturing machine (MMM) enables a reduction of the assembly time of a cell fuel cell stack to 15 minutes. Furthermore the targeted automation level is theoretically capable of producing up to 10,000 fuel cell stacks per year. This will result in a ~50% stack cost reduction through economies of scale and increased automation. The modular concept is scalable to meet increasing future demand which is essential for the market ramp-up and success of this technology.

Student Laptop Ownership Requirement and Centralization of Information Technology Services at a Large Public University

2006 ◽  
pp. 163-175
Author(s):  
Gregory B. Newby
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Chief Information Officer ◽  
Public University ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Information Technology Services ◽  
Technology Services ◽  
The Cost

A large, highly ranked public university implemented a requirement for all incoming undergraduates to own a laptop computer starting in fall, 2000. To control increased expenditures for information technology, this requirement has shifted some of the cost of technology to students by decreasing the need for centralized general-purpose computing laboratories. At the same time, a shift towards centralized academic computing support occurred. This shift was away from information technology resources, services and support based in individual departments. This shift, engineered by the newly formed office of the Chief Information Officer (CIO), was envisioned to generate cost savings through economies of scale. The educational impact of the laptop requirement is starting to be felt, but adoption is not widespread in daily classroom use. Envisioned cost savings have not yet become apparent. However, laptop ownership has enabled some new classroom activities and helped to reinforce the leading-edge image of the university.

Convergence of Facilities in Low Cost Operation Areas

2008 ◽  
pp. 303-314
Author(s):  
Toru Higuchi ◽  
Marvin Troutt
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Manufacturing Facilities ◽  
The Cost

In this chapter, the convergence of manufacturing facilities is discussed. Very little room is left for the differentiation of products in the late standardized stage. Although companies source globally to reduce the cost, they should cut down their cost even further. In addition, the demand for a product begins to decline sharply at the end of the life cycle because of the saturation of the market or the emergence of alternative products. As a result, companies should make the most of economies of scale in a low cost operation area. Companies converge their manufacturing facilities into low cost operation areas or withdraw completely from the market.

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