scholarly journals EcxAB Is a Founding Member of a New Family of Metalloprotease AB5 Toxins with a Hybrid Cholera-like B Subunit

Structure ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 2003-2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha M. Ng ◽  
Dene R. Littler ◽  
Adrienne W. Paton ◽  
Jérôme Le Nours ◽  
Jamie Rossjohn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Subunit ◽  
Founding Member ◽  
New Family ◽  
Ab5 Toxins

scholarly journals A New Family of Potent AB5 Cytotoxins Produced by Shiga Toxigenic Escherichia coli

2004 ◽  
Vol 200 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrienne W. Paton ◽  
Potjanee Srimanote ◽  
Ursula M. Talbot ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
James C. Paton
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bacterial Toxin ◽  
Virulence Plasmid ◽  
B Subunit ◽  
New Family ◽  
Uremic Syndrome ◽  
A Subunit ◽  
K 12 ◽  
Ab5 Toxins ◽  
Subtilase Cytotoxin

The Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) O113:H21 strain 98NK2, which was responsible for an outbreak of hemolytic uremic syndrome, secretes a highly potent and lethal subtilase cytotoxin that is unrelated to any bacterial toxin described to date. It is the prototype of a new family of AB5 toxins, comprising a single 35-kilodalton (kD) A subunit and a pentamer of 13-kD B subunits. The A subunit is a subtilase-like serine protease distantly related to the BA_2875 gene product of Bacillus anthracis. The B subunit is related to a putative exported protein from Yersinia pestis, and binds to a mimic of the ganglioside GM2. Subtilase cytotoxin is encoded by two closely linked, cotranscribed genes (subA and subB), which, in strain 98NK2, are located on a large, conjugative virulence plasmid. Homologues of the genes are present in 32 out of 68 other STEC strains tested. Intraperitoneal injection of purified subtilase cytotoxin was fatal for mice and resulted in extensive microvascular thrombosis, as well as necrosis in the brain, kidneys, and liver. Oral challenge of mice with E. coli K-12–expressing cloned subA and subB resulted in dramatic weight loss. These findings suggest that the toxin may contribute to the pathogenesis of human disease.

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of Metallosphaera Turreted Icosahedral Virus, a Founding Member of a New Family of Archaeal Viruses

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassia Wagner ◽  
Vijay Reddy ◽  
Francisco Asturias ◽  
Maryam Khoshouei ◽  
John E. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spring ◽  
Archaeal Virus ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Founding Member ◽  
New Family ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Virus Diversity ◽  
Archaeal Viruses ◽  
Icosahedral Virus

ABSTRACT Our understanding of archaeal virus diversity and structure is just beginning to emerge. Here we describe a new archaeal virus, tentatively named Metallosphaera turreted icosahedral virus (MTIV), that was isolated from an acidic hot spring in Yellowstone National Park, USA. Two strains of the virus were identified and were found to replicate in an archaeal host species closely related to Metallosphaera yellowstonensis. Each strain encodes a 9.8- to 9.9-kb linear double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome with large inverted terminal repeats. Each genome encodes 21 open reading frames (ORFs). The ORFs display high homology between the strains, but they are quite distinct from other known viral genes. The 70-nm-diameter virion is built on a T=28 icosahedral lattice. Both single particle cryo-electron microscopy and cryotomography reconstructions reveal an unusual structure that has 42 turret-like projections: 12 pentameric turrets positioned on the icosahedral 5-fold axes and 30 turrets with apparent hexameric symmetry positioned on the icosahedral 2-fold axes. Both the virion structural properties and the genome content support MTIV as the founding member of a new family of archaeal viruses. IMPORTANCE Many archaeal viruses are quite different from viruses infecting bacteria and eukaryotes. Initial characterization of MTIV reveals a virus distinct from other known bacterial, eukaryotic, and archaeal viruses; this finding suggests that viruses infecting Archaea are still an understudied group. As the first known virus infecting a Metallosphaera sp., MTIV provides a new system for exploring archaeal virology by examining host-virus interactions and the unique features of MTIV structure-function relationships. These studies will likely expand our understanding of virus ecology and evolution.

The Drosophila Sodium Channel 1 (DSC1): The founding member of a new family of voltage-gated cation channels

2015 ◽  
Vol 120 ◽  
pp. 36-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Dong ◽  
Yuzhe Du ◽  
Frank Rinkevich ◽  
Lingxin Wang ◽  
Peng Xu
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Channel ◽  
Cation Channels ◽  
Voltage Gated ◽  
Founding Member ◽  
New Family

scholarly journals Biochemical Characterization of WrbA, Founding Member of a New Family of Multimeric Flavodoxin-like Proteins

1998 ◽  
Vol 273 (33) ◽  
pp. 20960-20966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Grandori ◽  
Peter Khalifah ◽  
Judith A. Boice ◽  
Robert Fairman ◽  
Kira Giovanielli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Founding Member ◽  
New Family

Microstructure and crystal symmetry of Pb2Sr2(Y/Ca)Cu3O9−δ

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 64-65
Author(s):  
Y. P. Lin ◽  
J. S. Xue ◽  
J. E. Greedan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
High Temperature Superconductors ◽  
Carbon Film ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Crystal Symmetry ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Space Groups ◽  
New Family ◽  
Convergent Beam

A new family of high temperature superconductors based on Pb2Sr2YCu3O9−δ has recently been reported. One method of improving Tc has been to replace Y partially with Ca. Although the basic structure of this type of superconductors is known, the detailed structure is still unclear, and various space groups has been proposed. In our work, crystals of Pb2Sr2YCu3O9−δ with dimensions up to 1 × 1 × 0.25.mm and with Tc of 84 K have been grown and their superconducting properties described. The defects and crystal symmetry have been investigated using electron microscopy performed on crushed crystals supported on a holey carbon film.Electron diffraction confirmed x-ray diffraction results which showed that the crystals are primitive orthorhombic with a=0.5383, b=0.5423 and c=1.5765 nm. Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction (CBED) patterns for the and axes are shown in Figs. 1 and 2 respectively.

A new family of fluorescent calcium indicators designed to resist leakage or for measuring calcium near membranes

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
Martin Poenie ◽  
Akwasi Minta ◽  
Charles Vorndran
Keyword(s):  
Metal Binding ◽  
Acetoxymethyl Ester ◽  
Binding Properties ◽  
Fura 2 ◽  
New Family ◽  
Anion Transporter ◽  
Calcium Indicator ◽  
Calcium Indicators ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Intracellular Compartmentalization

The use of fura-2 as an intracellular calcium indicator is complicated by problems of rapid dye leakage and intracellular compartmentalization which is due to a probenecid sensitive anion transporter. In addition there is increasing evidence for localized microdomains of high calcium signals which may not be faithfully reported by fura-2.We have developed a new family of fura-2 analogs aimed at addressing some of these problems. These new indicators are based on a modified bapta which can be readily derivatized to produce fura-2 analogs with a variety of new properties. The modifications do not affect the chromophore and have little impact on the spectral and metal binding properties of the indicator. One of these new derivatives known as FPE3 is a zwitterionic analog of fura-2 that can be loaded into cells as an acetoxymethyl ester and whose retention in cells is much improved. The improved retention of FPE3 is important for both cuvettebased measurements of cell suspensions and for calcium imaging.

Scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy: New tools for biology

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 778-779
Author(s):  
CE Bracker ◽  
P. K. Hansma
Keyword(s):  
Physical Property ◽  
Scanning Probe ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
New Family ◽  
Small Probe ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Transmission Electron

A new family of scanning probe microscopes has emerged that is opening new horizons for investigating the fine structure of matter. The earliest and best known of these instruments is the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). First published in 1982, the STM earned the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics for two of its inventors, G. Binnig and H. Rohrer. They shared the prize with E. Ruska for his work that had led to the development of the transmission electron microscope half a century earlier. It seems appropriate that the award embodied this particular blend of the old and the new because it demonstrated to the world a long overdue respect for the enormous contributions electron microscopy has made to the understanding of matter, and at the same time it signalled the dawn of a new age in microscopy. What we are seeing is a revolution in microscopy and a redefinition of the concept of a microscope.Several kinds of scanning probe microscopes now exist, and the number is increasing. What they share in common is a small probe that is scanned over the surface of a specimen and measures a physical property on a very small scale, at or near the surface. Scanning probes can measure temperature, magnetic fields, tunneling currents, voltage, force, and ion currents, among others.

Porphyrin-functionalized coordination star polymers and their potential applications in photodynamic therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (45) ◽  
pp. 6116-6121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tan Ji ◽  
Lei Xia ◽  
Wei Zheng ◽  
Guang-Qiang Yin ◽  
Tao Yue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Star Polymers ◽  
New Family ◽  
Potential Applications

We present a new family of porphyrin-functionalized coordination star polymers prepared through combination of coordination-driven self-assembly and post-assembly polymerization. Their self-assembly behaviour in water and potential for photodynamic therapy were demonstrated.

A Look at Work and the New Family

1985 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 497-498
Author(s):  
Carol C. Nadelson
Keyword(s):  
New Family
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