scholarly journals Repair and Regeneration of the Respiratory System: Complexity, Plasticity, and Mechanisms of Lung Stem Cell Function

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigid L.M. Hogan ◽  
Christina E. Barkauskas ◽  
Harold A. Chapman ◽  
Jonathan A. Epstein ◽  
Rajan Jain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
System Complexity

L-Arginine Enhances Intestinal Stem Cell Function

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qihang Hou ◽  
Qinghua Yu ◽  
Yuanyang Dong ◽  
Xiaoxi Lu ◽  
Lulu Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Intestinal Stem Cell

Stem Cell Function, Self-Renewal, Heterogeneity, and Regenerative Potential in Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-21
Author(s):  
Silvia Cristini ◽  
Giulio Alessandri ◽  
Francesco Acerbi ◽  
Daniela Tavian ◽  
Eugenio A. Parati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Self Renewal ◽  
Muscle Stem Cells ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells

Stem Cell Function, Self-Renewal, Heterogeneity, and Regenerative Potential in Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-21
Author(s):  
Silvia Cristini ◽  
Giulio Alessandri ◽  
Francesco Acerbi ◽  
Daniela Tavian ◽  
Eugenio A. Parati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Self Renewal ◽  
Muscle Stem Cells ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells

scholarly journals Multiple Roles for Cholinergic Signaling from the Perspective of Stem Cell Function

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 666
Author(s):  
Toshio Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cholinergic Neurons ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Proliferative Potential ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Cholinergic Signaling

Stem cells have extensive proliferative potential and the ability to differentiate into one or more mature cell types. The mechanisms by which stem cells accomplish self-renewal provide fundamental insight into the origin and design of multicellular organisms. These pathways allow the repair of damage and extend organismal life beyond that of component cells, and they probably preceded the evolution of complex metazoans. Understanding the true nature of stem cells can only come from discovering how they are regulated. The concept that stem cells are controlled by particular microenvironments, also known as niches, has been widely accepted. Technical advances now allow characterization of the zones that maintain and control stem cell activity in several organs, including the brain, skin, and gut. Cholinergic neurons release acetylcholine (ACh) that mediates chemical transmission via ACh receptors such as nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Although the cholinergic system is composed of organized nerve cells, the system is also involved in mammalian non-neuronal cells, including stem cells, embryonic stem cells, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells. Thus, cholinergic signaling plays a pivotal role in controlling their behaviors. Studies regarding this signal are beginning to unify our understanding of stem cell regulation at the cellular and molecular levels, and they are expected to advance efforts to control stem cells therapeutically. The present article reviews recent findings about cholinergic signaling that is essential to control stem cell function in a cholinergic niche.

scholarly journals Empowering Muscle Stem Cells for the Treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Romina L. Filippelli ◽  
Natasha C. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Muscle Membrane ◽  
Muscle Stem Cell ◽  
Muscle Stem Cells

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a devastating and debilitating muscle degenerative disease affecting 1 in every 3,500 male births worldwide. DMD is progressive and fatal; accumulated weakening of the muscle tissue leads to an inability to walk and eventual loss of life due to respiratory and cardiac failure. Importantly, there remains no effective cure for DMD. DMD is caused by defective expression of the <i>DMD</i> gene, which encodes for dystrophin, a component of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex. In muscle fibers, this protein complex plays a critical role in maintaining muscle membrane integrity. Emerging studies have shown that muscle stem cells, which are adult stem cells responsible for muscle repair, are also affected in DMD. DMD muscle stem cells do not function as healthy muscle stem cells, and their impairment contributes to disease progression. Deficiencies in muscle stem cell function include impaired establishment of cell polarity leading to defective asymmetric stem cell division, reduced myogenic commitment, impaired differentiation, altered metabolism, and enhanced entry into senescence. Altogether, these findings indicate that DMD muscle stem cells are dysfunctional and have impaired regenerative potential. Although recent advances in adeno-associated vector and antisense oligonucleotide-mediated mechanisms for gene therapy have shown clinical promise, the current therapeutic strategies for muscular dystrophy do not effectively target muscle stem cells and do not address the deficiencies in muscle stem cell function. Here, we discuss the merits of restoring endogenous muscle stem cell function in degenerating muscle as a viable regenerative medicine strategy to mitigate DMD.

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