Intestinal immune defences and the inflammatory response in necrotising enterocolitis

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 369-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilia R. Martin ◽  
W. Allan Walker
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Necrotising Enterocolitis ◽  
Immune Defences

Assessment of epithelial cells' immune and inflammatory response to Staphylococcus aureus when exposed to a macrolide

2010 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 404-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Mazzilli ◽  
Alfonso Zecconi
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Positive Interactions ◽  
Staph Aureus ◽  
Immune Defences

Non-specific (innate) immune response plays a major role in defending the udder from bacterial invasion. Moreover, recent investigations suggest that mammary gland epithelial cells (MGEC) could have a large and important role as a source of soluble components of immune defences. Despite many attempts to find other ways to control/prevent mastitis (i.e. vaccine) antimicrobial therapy is still the most used and effective means of curing clinical and subclinical mastitis. However, drug concentrations and therapy durations are far from the optimal in order to reduce costs. Therefore, efficacy of antimicrobial therapy is dependent not only on the substance activity but also on the positive interactions with the host innate immune response. Surprisingly, information on these interactions is rather scarce in the mastitis field. A simple experimental model was developed based on BME-UV cell line, Staphylococcus aureus as a challenge and a macrolide as an antimicrobial to assess the interactions among epithelial cells, Staph. aureus and the potential effects of antimicrobials on the immune system. The results of this study confirmed that tylosin has good antimicrobial activity against both intracellular and extracellular Staph. aureus in bovine MGEC without affecting cell functions. In this study, a significant down-regulation of IL-1 and IL-6 was observed, while TNF and IL-8 expression rate numerically increased, but differences were not significant. To our knowledge, this is the first paper assessing the concentration of two lysosomal enzymes, lysozyme and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAGase), in Staph. aureus-stimulated MGEC. The results of this study confirmed that tylosin could have a significant effect on the release of these enzymes. Moreover, even if both enzymes have a similar substrate as a target, the results suggest different secretion mechanisms and an influence of antimicrobial treatment on these mechanisms. Successful mastitis cure is the result of achieving the optimal efficiency of both innate immune defences and therapeutical activities, by means of killing bacteria without eliciting an excessive inflammatory response. Therefore, antimicrobials for mastitis therapy should be selected not only on bacterial sensitivity, but also for their positive interactions with the innate immune response of the mammary gland. This study showed that an in-vitro model based on Staph. aureus challenge on MGEC could be helpful in assessing both the intracellular and extracellular activity of antimicrobials and their influence on epithelial cell immune and inflammatory response.

Gut permeabillity and nitric oxide: Evidence for an endotoxin mediated inflammatory response in severe acute pancreatitis

2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A468-A469
Author(s):  
S RAHMAN ◽  
B AMMORI ◽  
I MARTIN ◽  
G BARCLAY ◽  
M LARVIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Acute Pancreatitis ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Severe Acute Pancreatitis

ERK and PKCξ independently contribute to the EPEC-induced inflammatory response

2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A126-A126
Author(s):  
S SAVKOVIC ◽  
Z KAPADIA ◽  
A KOUTSOURIS ◽  
G HECHT
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response

Sorghum Fermented by Aspergillus oryzae NK Enhances Inhibition of Vascular Inflammation in TNF-α-stimulated Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 88 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 309-318
Author(s):  
Hae Seong Song ◽  
Jung-Eun Kwon ◽  
Hyun Jin Baek ◽  
Chang Won Kim ◽  
Hyelin Jeon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Vascular Inflammation ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Aortic Smooth Muscle ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Cox 2

Abstract. Sorghum bicolor L. Moench is widely grown all over the world for food and feed. The effects of sorghum extracts on general inflammation have been previously studied, but its anti-vascular inflammatory effects are unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the anti-vascular inflammation effects of sorghum extract (SBE) and fermented extract of sorghum (fSBE) on human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). After the cytotoxicity test of the sorghum extract, a series of experiments were conducted. The inhibition effects of SBE and fSBE on the inflammatory response and adhesion molecule expression were measured using treatment with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), a crucial promoter for the development of atherosclerotic lesions, on HASMCs. After TNF-α (10 ng/mL) treatment for 2 h, then SBE and fSBE (100 and 200 μg/mL) were applied for 12h. Western blotting analysis showed that the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) (2.4-fold) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) (6.7-fold) decreased, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) (3.5-fold) increased compared to the TNF-α control when treated with 200 μg/mL fSBE (P<0.05). In addition, the fSBE significantly increased the expression of HO-1 and significantly decreased the expression of VCAM-1 and COX-2 compared to the TNF-α control in mRNA level (P<0.05). These reasons of results might be due to the increased concentrations of procyanidin B1 (about 6-fold) and C1 (about 30-fold) produced through fermentation with Aspergillus oryzae NK for 48 h, at 37 °C. Overall, the results demonstrated that fSBE enhanced the inhibition of the inflammatory response and adherent molecule expression in HASMCs.

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