Multigenerational effect of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) on the individual fitness and population growth of Daphnia magna

2016 ◽  
Vol 569-570 ◽  
pp. 1553-1560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tae-Yong Jeong ◽  
Min-Su Yuk ◽  
Junho Jeon ◽  
Sang Don Kim
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Perfluorooctane Sulfonate ◽  
Individual Fitness ◽  
The Individual

scholarly journals THE EVOLUTION OF MULTIPLE MATING BEHAVIOR BY HONEY BEE QUEENS (APIS MELLIFERA L.)

Genetics ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 263-273
Author(s):  
Robert E Page
Keyword(s):  
Mating Behavior ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Multiple Mating ◽  
Genetic Load ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Individual Fitness ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Honey Bee Queens ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Sex Determination System

ABSTRACT A model is presented showing that natural selection operating at the individual level can adequately explain the evolution of multiple mating behavior by honey bee queens. Group selection need not be invoked. The fitness of a given female genotype is a function of the number of sex alleles in the population, the number of matings by an individual female and the specific parameters that determine the relationship of brood viability to individual fitness. Even though the exact relationship is not known, it is almost certainly not linear. A nonlinear relationship between worker brood viability and fitness and a significant genetic load associated with the sex-determination system in honey bees are the essential components of this model.

scholarly journals Avoidance of Contaminated Food Correlates With Low Protozoan Infection in Bonobos

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Sarabian ◽  
Raphaël Belais ◽  
Andrew J. J. MacIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Individual Fitness ◽  
Behavioral Adaptations ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Protozoan Infection ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
The Individual

Intense selection pressure from parasites on free-living animals has resulted in behavioral adaptations that help potential hosts avoid sources of infection. In primates, such “behavioral immunity” is expressed in different contexts and may vary according to the ecology of the host, the nature of the infectious agent, and the individual itself. In this study, we investigated whether avoidance of contaminated food was associated with reduced parasite infection in sanctuary-housed bonobos. To do this, we used bonobos’ responses to soil- and fecally-contaminated food in behavioral experiments, and then compared the results with an estimate of protozoan infection across individuals. We found that avoidance of contaminated food correlated negatively with Balantioides coli infection, a potentially pathogenic protozoan transmitted through the fecal-oral route. The association between avoidance responses and parasitism were most evident in experiments in which subjects were offered a choice of food items falling along a gradient of fecal contamination. In the case of experiments with more limited options and a high degree of contamination, most subjects were averse to the presented food item and this may have mitigated any relationship between feeding decisions and infection. In experiments with low perceived levels of contamination, most subjects consumed previously contaminated food items, which may also have obscured such a relationship. The behavioral immunity observed may be a consequence of the direct effects of parasites (infection), reflecting the first scale of a landscape of disgust: individual responses. Indirect effects of parasites, such as modulation of feeding decisions and reduced social interactions—and their potential trade-offs with physiological immunity—are also discussed in light of individual fitness and primate evolution. This study builds on previous work by showing that avoidance behaviors may be effective in limiting exposure to a wide diversity of oro-fecally transmitted parasites.

scholarly journals An integrative skeletal and paleogenomic analysis of prehistoric stature variation suggests relatively reduced health for early European farmers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Marciniak ◽  
Christina Bergey ◽  
Ana Maria Silva ◽  
Agata Hałuszko ◽  
Mirosław Furmanek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Skeletal Remains ◽  
Upper Paleolithic ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Individual Fitness ◽  
Transition To Agriculture ◽  
Early Farmers ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Agricultural Transitions

Human culture, biology, and health were shaped dramatically by the onset of agriculture ~12,000 years before present (BP). Subsistence shifts from hunting and gathering to agriculture are hypothesized to have resulted in increased individual fitness and population growth as evidenced by archaeological and population genomic data alongside a simultaneous decline in physiological health as inferred from paleopathological analyses and stature reconstructions of skeletal remains. A key component of the health decline inference is that relatively shorter statures observed for early farmers may (at least partly) reflect higher childhood disease burdens and poorer nutrition. However, while such stresses can indeed result in growth stunting, height is also highly heritable, and substantial inter-individual variation in the height genetic component within a population is typical. Moreover, extensive migration and gene flow were characteristics of multiple agricultural transitions worldwide. Here, we consider both osteological and ancient DNA data from the same prehistoric individuals to comprehensively study the trajectory of human stature variation as a proxy for health across a transition to agriculture. Specifically, we compared "predicted" genetic contributions to height from paleogenomic data and "achieved" adult osteological height estimated from long bone measurements on a per-individual basis for n=160 ancient Europeans from sites spanning the Upper Paleolithic to the Iron Age (~38,000-2,400 BP). We found that individuals from the Neolithic were shorter than expected (given their individual polygenic height scores) by an average of -4.47 cm relative to individuals from the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic (P=0.016). The average osteological vs. expected stature then increased relative to the Neolithic over the Copper (+2.67 cm, P=0.052), Bronze (+3.33 cm, P=0.032), and Iron Ages (+3.95 cm, P=0.094). These results were partly attenuated when we accounted for genome-wide genetic ancestry variation in our sample (which we note is partly duplicative with the individual polygenic score information). For example, in this secondary analysis Neolithic individuals were -3.48 cm shorter than expected on average relative to individuals from the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic (P=0.056). We also incorporated observations of paleopathological indicators of non-specific stress that can persist from childhood to adulthood in skeletal remains (linear enamel hypoplasia, cribra orbitalia, and porotic hyperostosis) into our model. Overall, our work highlights the potential of integrating disparate datasets to explore proxies of health in prehistory.

scholarly journals Major Evolutionary Transitions in Social Insects, the Importance of Worker Sterility and Life History Trade-Offs

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abel Bernadou ◽  
Boris H. Kramer ◽  
Judith Korb
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Social Insects ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Individual Fitness ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Worker Sterility

The evolution of eusociality in social insects, such as termites, ants, and some bees and wasps, has been regarded as a major evolutionary transition (MET). Yet, there is some debate whether all species qualify. Here, we argue that worker sterility is a decisive criterion to determine whether species have passed a MET (= superorganisms), or not. When workers are sterile, reproductive interests align among group members as individual fitness is transferred to the colony level. Division of labour among cooperating units is a major driver that favours the evolution of METs across all biological scales. Many METs are characterised by a differentiation into reproductive versus maintenance functions. In social insects, the queen specialises on reproduction while workers take over maintenance functions such as food provisioning. Such division of labour allows specialisation and it reshapes life history trade-offs among cooperating units. For instance, individuals within colonies of social insects can overcome the omnipresent fecundity/longevity trade-off, which limits reproductive success in organisms, when increased fecundity shortens lifespan. Social insect queens (particularly in superorganismal species) can reach adult lifespans of several decades and are among the most fecund terrestrial animals. The resulting enormous reproductive output may contribute to explain why some genera of social insects became so successful. Indeed, superorganismal ant lineages have more species than those that have not passed a MET. We conclude that the release from life history constraints at the individual level is a important, yet understudied, factor across METs to explain their evolutionary success.

Correlates and consequences of injury in a large, predatory stream salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus)

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-116
Author(s):  
Robin G. Munshaw ◽  
W.I. Atlas ◽  
W.J. Palen ◽  
Danielle M. Courcelles ◽  
Zachary L. Monteith
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Weight Of Evidence ◽  
Individual Fitness ◽  
Model Selection Approach ◽  
Dicamptodon Tenebrosus ◽  
Conspecific Aggression ◽  
The Individual

Conspecific aggression is an important factor structuring population dynamics through intra- and interspecific interactions, but is rarely studied in un-manipulated populations. In this study, we evaluated rates of injury as a proxy for conspecific aggression using a depletion survey of predatory coastal giant salamanders (Dicamptodon tenebrosus) in a tributary of the South Fork Eel River, California. We tested a range of hypotheses including a suite of environmental and biotic factors for the rate of injury in a population by using an AIC model-selection approach that examined the weight of evidence for individual models. We examined both the probability of a given individual being injured, and the proportion of individuals within a given study pool being injured. We found strong support for models including salamander size, density of young-of-the-year steelhead, and density of the largest size-class of salamander as factors positively influencing the rate of injury at both the individual and habitat levels. We also found that density of older steelhead (1+ steelhead) had a strong, but highly variable positive impact on frequency of injury. This study shows that both conspecific and heterospecific factors influence intraspecific aggression for the dominant salamander throughout coastal Pacific Northwest streams. Our methodology demonstrates a non-manipulative approach to identifying correlates of natural injury in a cryptic species of amphibian. More work is needed to determine how these factors directly and indirectly influence the spatial distribution, individual fitness, and dynamics of salamander populations within streams.

Population processes allowing emigration of families

1984 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abebe Tessera
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Death Process ◽  
Population Processes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Population Growth Models ◽  
Birth Death

In the familiar immigration–birth–death process the events of immigration, birth and death relate to the individual. There are processes in which the whole family and not just an individual migrates. Such population growth models are studied in some detail.

scholarly journals Linking individual phenotype to density-dependent population growth: the influence of body size on the population dynamics of malaria vectors

2011 ◽  
Vol 278 (1721) ◽  
pp. 3142-3151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya L. Russell ◽  
Dickson W. Lwetoijera ◽  
Bart G. J. Knols ◽  
Willem Takken ◽  
Gerry F. Killeen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Phenotypic Expression ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
Individual Fitness ◽  
The Impact

Understanding the endogenous factors that drive the population dynamics of malaria mosquitoes will facilitate more accurate predictions about vector control effectiveness and our ability to destabilize the growth of either low- or high-density insect populations. We assessed whether variation in phenotypic traits predict the dynamics of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes, the most important vectors of human malaria. Anopheles gambiae dynamics were monitored over a six-month period of seasonal growth and decline. The population exhibited density-dependent feedback, with the carrying capacity being modified by rainfall (97% w AIC c support). The individual phenotypic expression of the maternal ( p = 0.0001) and current ( p = 0.040) body size positively influenced population growth. Our field-based evidence uniquely demonstrates that individual fitness can have population-level impacts and, furthermore, can mitigate the impact of exogenous drivers (e.g. rainfall) in species whose reproduction depends upon it. Once frontline interventions have suppressed mosquito densities, attempts to eliminate malaria with supplementary vector control tools may be attenuated by increased population growth and individual fitness.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document