Karyotype diversity analysis and nuclear genome size estimation for Pennisetum Rich. (Poaceae) ornamental grasses reveal genetic relationship and chromosomal evolution

2015 ◽  
Vol 193 ◽  
pp. 22-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Zhang ◽  
Xiaohuan Yuan ◽  
Wenjun Teng ◽  
Chao Chen ◽  
Hong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Genetic Relationship ◽  
Nuclear Genome ◽  
Chromosomal Evolution ◽  
Diversity Analysis ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Ornamental Grasses

Nuclear DNA content in Sinningia (Gesneriaceae); intraspecific genome size variation and genome characterization in S. speciosa

Genome ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1066-1082 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Zaitlin ◽  
Andrew J. Pierce
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Nuclear Genome ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Cell Nuclei ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
Genome Survey ◽  
Size Estimates

The Gesneriaceae (Lamiales) is a family of flowering plants comprising >3000 species of mainly tropical origin, the most familiar of which is the cultivated African violet ( Saintpaulia spp.). Species of Gesneriaceae are poorly represented in the lists of taxa sampled for genome size estimation; measurements are available for three species of Ramonda and one each of Haberlea , Saintpaulia, and Streptocarpus , all species of Old World origin. We report here nuclear genome size estimates for 10 species of Sinningia , a neotropical genus largely restricted to Brazil. Flow cytometry of leaf cell nuclei showed that holoploid genome size in Sinningia is very small (approximately two times the size of the Arabidopsis genome), and is small compared to the other six species of Gesneriaceae with genome size estimates. We also documented intraspecific genome size variation of 21%–26% within a group of wild Sinningia speciosa (Lodd.) Hiern collections. In addition, we analyzed 1210 genome survey sequences from S. speciosa to characterize basic features of the nuclear genome such as guanine–cytosine content, types of repetitive elements, numbers of protein-coding sequences, and sequences unique to S. speciosa. We included several other angiosperm species as genome size standards, one of which was the snapdragon ( Antirrhinum majus L.; Veronicaceae, Lamiales). Multiple measurements on three accessions indicated that the genome size of A. majus is ∼633 × 106 base pairs, which is approximately 40% of the previously published estimate.

Nuclear genome size estimation and karyotype analysis of Lycium species (Solanaceae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 151 ◽  
pp. 46-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianjun Chen ◽  
Xiaoli Liu ◽  
Linyao Zhu ◽  
Ying Wang
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Karyotype Analysis ◽  
Nuclear Genome ◽  
Size Estimation

scholarly journals Nuclear Genome Size Determination Of Christia Vespertilionis Via Flow Cytometry

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-75
Author(s):  
Mohd Razik Midin ◽  
Muhammad Irfan Fikri ◽  
Siti Sarah Zailani
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Nuclear Genome ◽  
Size Determination ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Butterfly Wing ◽  
External Reference ◽  
Fcm Analysis ◽  
Suspension Preparation

AbstractChristia vespertilionis (butterfly wing plant) is an ornamental plant originated from South East Asia with reported usage in traditional medicine practice and potential as an anticancer and antitumor. This research aims to estimate the genome size of C. vespertilionis via flow cytometry (FCM) method. The research was conducted with the optimisation of nuclear suspension preparation followed by the genome size estimation. Two chopping techniques [manual chopping (MC) and BDTM Medimachine (MM)] and two lysis buffers (Otto and LBO1) were tested. Otto buffer with manual chopping was found to be the most suitable method, generated fine DNA peak with minimum debris background, and coefficient of variation (CV) value less than 3%. Five replicates of the FCM analysis were made for the genome size determination. The estimated genome size of C. vespertilionis was found to be 3.22 pg by using Glycine max cv. Polanka (2C=2.5pg) as an external reference standard. Further comparison with other Christia species was not possible due to the lack of data on genome size. The genome size data of C. vespertilionis can be useful for future morphology and genetics studies of Christia species.

scholarly journals Characterization of Two Zygnema Strains (Zygnema circumcarinatum SAG 698-1a and SAG 698-1b) and a Rapid Method to Estimate Nuclear Genome Size of Zygnematophycean Green Algae

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuehuan Feng ◽  
Andreas Holzinger ◽  
Charlotte Permann ◽  
Dirk Anderson ◽  
Yanbin Yin
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Nuclear Genome ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Morphological Differences

Zygnematophyceae green algae (ZGA) have been shown to be the closest relatives of land plants. Three nuclear genomes (Spirogloea muscicola, Mesotaenium endlicherianum, and Penium margaritaceum) of ZGA have been recently published, and more genomes are underway. Here we analyzed two Zygnema circumcarinatum strains SAG 698-1a (mating +) and SAG 698-1b (mating −) and found distinct cell sizes and other morphological differences. The molecular identities of the two strains were further investigated by sequencing their 18S rRNA, psaA and rbcL genes. These marker genes of SAG 698-1a were surprisingly much more similar to Z. cylindricum (SAG 698-2) than to SAG 698-1b. Phylogenies of these marker genes also showed that SAG 698-1a and SAG 698-1b were well separated into two different Zygnema clades, where SAG 698-1a was clustered with Z. cylindricum, while SAG 698-1b was clustered with Z. tunetanum. Additionally, physiological parameters like ETRmax values differed between SAG 698-1a and SAG 698-1b after 2 months of cultivation. The de-epoxidation state (DEPS) of the xanthophyll cycle pigments also showed significant differences. Surprisingly, the two strains could not conjugate, and significantly differed in the thickness of the mucilage layer. Additionally, ZGA cell walls are highly enriched with sticky and acidic polysaccharides, and therefore the widely used plant nuclear extraction protocols do not work well in ZGA. Here, we also report a fast and simple method, by mechanical chopping, for efficient nuclear extraction in the two SAG strains. More importantly, the extracted nuclei were further used for nuclear genome size estimation of the two SAG strains by flow cytometry (FC). To confirm the FC result, we have also used other experimental methods for nuclear genome size estimation of the two strains. Interestingly, the two strains were found to have very distinct nuclear genome sizes (313.2 ± 2.0 Mb in SAG 698-1a vs. 63.5 ± 0.5 Mb in SAG 698-1b). Our multiple lines of evidence strongly indicate that SAG 698-1a possibly had been confused with SAG 698-2 prior to 2005, and most likely represents Z. cylindricum or a closely related species.

scholarly journals Origin of the Eukaryotic Cell

2017 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 108-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Lane
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Nuclear Genome ◽  
Eukaryotic Cell ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Bacterial Genomes ◽  
Complex Cells ◽  
Life On Earth

All complex life on Earth is composed of ‘eukaryotic’ cells. Eukaryotes arose just once in 4 billion years, via an endosymbiosis — bacteria entered a simple host cell, evolving into mitochondria, the ‘powerhouses’ of complex cells. Mitochondria lost most of their genes, retaining only those needed for respiration, giving eukaryotes ‘multi-bacterial’ power without the costs of maintaining thousands of complete bacterial genomes. These energy savings supported a substantial expansion in nuclear genome size, and far more protein synthesis from each gene.

scholarly journals Genome Size Diversity in Rare, Endangered, and Protected Orchids in Poland

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 563
Author(s):  
Monika Rewers ◽  
Iwona Jedrzejczyk ◽  
Agnieszka Rewicz ◽  
Anna Jakubska-Busse
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Species Identification ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Infraspecific Taxon ◽  
2C Dna Content ◽  
Plant Families ◽  
Liparis Loeselii ◽  
Identification And Characterization

Orchidaceae is one of the largest and the most widespread plant families with many species threatened with extinction. However, only about 1.5% of orchids’ genome sizes have been known so far. The aim of this study was to estimate the genome size of 15 species and one infraspecific taxon of endangered and protected orchids growing wild in Poland to assess their variability and develop additional criterion useful in orchid species identification and characterization. Flow cytometric genome size estimation revealed that investigated orchid species possessed intermediate, large, and very large genomes. The smallest 2C DNA content possessed Liparis loeselii (14.15 pg), while the largest Cypripedium calceolus (82.10 pg). It was confirmed that the genome size is characteristic to the subfamily. Additionally, for four species Epipactis albensis, Ophrys insectifera, Orchis mascula, Orchis militaris and one infraspecific taxon, Epipactis purpurata f. chlorophylla the 2C DNA content has been estimated for the first time. Genome size estimation by flow cytometry proved to be a useful auxiliary method for quick orchid species identification and characterization.

First estimates of genome size in ribbon worms (phylum Nemertea) using flow cytometry and Feulgen image analysis densitometry

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (10) ◽  
pp. 847-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly L. Mulligan ◽  
Terra C. Hiebert ◽  
Nicholas W. Jeffery ◽  
T. Ryan Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Image Analysis ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Size Diversity ◽  
Size Estimates

Ribbon worms (phylum Nemertea) are among several animal groups that have been overlooked in past studies of genome-size diversity. Here, we report genome-size estimates for eight species of nemerteans, including representatives of the major lineages in the phylum. Genome sizes in these species ranged more than fivefold, and there was some indication of a positive relationship with body size. Somatic endopolyploidy also appears to be common in these animals. Importantly, this study demonstrates that both of the most common methods of genome-size estimation (flow cytometry and Feulgen image analysis densitometry) can be used to assess genome size in ribbon worms, thereby facilitating additional efforts to investigate patterns of variability in nuclear DNA content in this phylum.

Comparative genome size estimation of different life stages of grey mullet, Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758 by flow cytometry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jani Angel J. Raymond ◽  
Mudagandur Shashi Shekhar ◽  
Vinaya Kumar Katneni ◽  
Ashok Kumar Jangham ◽  
Sudheesh Kommu Prabhudas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Mugil Cephalus ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Grey Mullet ◽  
Comparative Genome

Nuclear genome size variation in fleshy-fruited Neotropical Myrtaceae

2008 ◽  
Vol 276 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 209-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itayguara Ribeiro da Costa ◽  
Marcelo Carnier Dornelas ◽  
Eliana Regina Forni-Martins
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Nuclear Genome ◽  
Genome Size Variation
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