Nutritive and non-nutritive swallowing apnea duration in term infants: Implications for neural control mechanisms

2006 ◽  
Vol 154 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bronwen N. Kelly ◽  
Maggie-Lee Huckabee ◽  
Richard D. Jones ◽  
Christopher M.A. Frampton
Keyword(s):  
Neural Control ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Apnea Duration ◽  
Swallowing Apnea

Resituating cognitive mechanisms within heterarchical networks controlling physiology and behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 620-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Bechtel
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Production Mechanisms

Cognitive science has traditionally focused on mechanisms involved in high-level reasoning and problem-solving processes. Such mechanisms are often treated as autonomous from but controlling underlying physiological processes. I offer a different perspective on cognition which starts with the basic production mechanisms through which organisms construct and repair themselves and navigate their environments and then I develop a framework for conceptualizing how cognitive control mechanisms form a heterarchical network that regulates production mechanisms. Many of these control mechanisms perform cognitive tasks such as evaluating circumstances and making decisions. Cognitive control mechanisms are present in individual cells, but in metazoans, intracellular control is supplemented by a nervous system in which a multitude of neural control mechanisms are organized heterarchically. On this perspective, high-level cognitive mechanisms are not autonomous, but are elements in larger heterarchical networks. This has implications for future directions in cognitive science research.

Autonomic Neural Control Mechanisms and the Release of Adrenal Steroids after Hypoglycaemia in Man

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (S 1) ◽  
pp. 138-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Frier ◽  
E. A. S. Al-Dujaili ◽  
R. J. M. Corrall ◽  
J. Pritchard ◽  
C. R. W. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Neural Control ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Adrenal Steroids

scholarly journals Integration of auditory and somatosensory error signals in the neural control of speech movements

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 667-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongqiang Feng ◽  
Vincent L. Gracco ◽  
Ludo Max
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Feedback Signal ◽  
Sensorimotor Adaptation ◽  
Auditory Modality ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Articulatory Movements ◽  
Jaw Opening ◽  
Jaw Position

We investigated auditory and somatosensory feedback contributions to the neural control of speech. In task I, sensorimotor adaptation was studied by perturbing one of these sensory modalities or both modalities simultaneously. The first formant (F1) frequency in the auditory feedback was shifted up by a real-time processor and/or the extent of jaw opening was increased or decreased with a force field applied by a robotic device. All eight subjects lowered F1 to compensate for the up-shifted F1 in the feedback signal regardless of whether or not the jaw was perturbed. Adaptive changes in subjects' acoustic output resulted from adjustments in articulatory movements of the jaw or tongue. Adaptation in jaw opening extent in response to the mechanical perturbation occurred only when no auditory feedback perturbation was applied or when the direction of adaptation to the force was compatible with the direction of adaptation to a simultaneous acoustic perturbation. In tasks II and III, subjects' auditory and somatosensory precision and accuracy were estimated. Correlation analyses showed that the relationships 1) between F1 adaptation extent and auditory acuity for F1 and 2) between jaw position adaptation extent and somatosensory acuity for jaw position were weak and statistically not significant. Taken together, the combined findings from this work suggest that, in speech production, sensorimotor adaptation updates the underlying control mechanisms in such a way that the planning of vowel-related articulatory movements takes into account a complex integration of error signals from previous trials but likely with a dominant role for the auditory modality.

Effects of Viscosity, Taste, and Bolus Volume on Swallowing Apnea Duration of Normal Adults

2004 ◽  
Vol 131 (6) ◽  
pp. 860-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan G. Butler ◽  
Gregory N. Postma ◽  
Eileen Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Bolus Volume ◽  
Apnea Duration ◽  
Swallowing Apnea ◽  
Normal Adults

scholarly journals Emerging ideas and tools to study the emergent properties of the cortical neural circuits for voluntary motor control in non-human primates

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 749 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Kalaska
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Neuron Activity ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Single Neurons ◽  
Electrode Arrays ◽  
Voluntary Motor ◽  
Neurophysiological Studies

For years, neurophysiological studies of the cerebral cortical mechanisms of voluntary motor control were limited to single-electrode recordings of the activity of one or a few neurons at a time. This approach was supported by the widely accepted belief that single neurons were the fundamental computational units of the brain (the “neuron doctrine”). Experiments were guided by motor-control models that proposed that the motor system attempted to plan and control specific parameters of a desired action, such as the direction, speed or causal forces of a reaching movement in specific coordinate frameworks, and that assumed that the controlled parameters would be expressed in the task-related activity of single neurons. The advent of chronically implanted multi-electrode arrays about 20 years ago permitted the simultaneous recording of the activity of many neurons. This greatly enhanced the ability to study neural control mechanisms at the population level. It has also shifted the focus of the analysis of neural activity from quantifying single-neuron correlates with different movement parameters to probing the structure of multi-neuron activity patterns to identify the emergent computational properties of cortical neural circuits. In particular, recent advances in “dimension reduction” algorithms have attempted to identify specific covariance patterns in multi-neuron activity which are presumed to reflect the underlying computational processes by which neural circuits convert the intention to perform a particular movement into the required causal descending motor commands. These analyses have led to many new perspectives and insights on how cortical motor circuits covertly plan and prepare to initiate a movement without causing muscle contractions, transition from preparation to overt execution of the desired movement, generate muscle-centered motor output commands, and learn new motor skills. Progress is also being made to import optical-imaging and optogenetic toolboxes from rodents to non-human primates to overcome some technical limitations of multi-electrode recording technology.

scholarly journals Distinct Proximal and Distal Corticospinal Signals Embed Limb Dynamics Through the Modulation of Stiffness

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Hardesty ◽  
P. H. Ellaway ◽  
V. Gritsenko
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Neural Signals ◽  
Limb Dynamics

AbstractThe complexities of the human musculoskeletal system and its interactions with the environment creates a difficult challenge for the neural control of movement. The consensus is that the nervous system solves this challenge by embedding the dynamical properties of the body and the environment. However, the modality of control signals and how they are generated appropriately for the task demands are a matter of active debate. We used transcranial magnetic stimulation over the primary motor cortex to show that the excitability of the corticospinal tract is modulated to compensate for limb dynamics during reaching tasks in humans. Surprisingly, few profiles of corticospinal modulation in some muscles and conditions reflected Newtonian parameters of movement, such as kinematics or active torques. Instead, the overall corticospinal excitability was differentially modulated in proximal and distal muscles, which corresponded to different stiffness at proximal and distal joints. This suggests that the descending corticospinal signal determines the proximal and distal impedance of the arm for independent functional control of reaching and grasping.Significance StatementThe nervous system integrates both the physical properties of the human body and the environment to create a rich repertoire of actions. How these calculations are happening remains poorly understood. Neural activity is known to be correlated with different variables from the Newtonian equations of motion that describe forces acting on the body. In contrast, our data show that the overall activity of the descending neural signals is less related to the individual Newtonian variables and more related to limb impedance. We show that the physical properties of the arm are controlled by two distinct proximal and distal descending neural signals modulating components of limb stiffness. This identifies distinct neural control mechanisms for the transport and manipulation actions of reach.

scholarly journals Analysis of transcriptional regulation underlying central neural control mechanisms in acute hypertension

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajanikanth Vadigepalli ◽  
Rishi L Khan ◽  
Mary K McDonald ◽  
James S Schwaber
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Acute Hypertension

An Electromyographic Analysis of the Elevator/Depressor Muscle Motor Programme in the Freely-Walking Scorpion, Paruroctonus Mesaensis

1981 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-177
Author(s):  
ROBERT F. BOWERMAN
Keyword(s):  
Neural Control ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Burst Duration ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Step Cycle ◽  
Cycle Times ◽  
Tarsal Claw ◽  
Depressor Muscle ◽  
Electromyographic Analysis ◽  
Motor Programme

Electromyograms from the elevator and depressor muscles, together with tarsal claw receptor activity, were recorded from the fourth legs of freely walking scorpions. The slope of the depressor burst duration versus step cycle time was less for short cycle times, below about 600 ms, than it was for longer cycles. The opposite was true for the elevator burst duration versus step cycle relationship, and the slope for longer cycle times was not significantly different from zero. The switching of motor activity between antagonists at the stance to swing phase transition was different from that of the swing to stance phase. The depressor burst invariably terminated before the elevator burst, while the elevator burst frequently did not terminate until after the depressor burst had begun. A similar asymmetry of the elevator/depressor motor programme has been described for insect and crustacean preparations. The termination of the depressor muscle burst represents the initial peripheral indicator that the decision to step has been made centrally. The latency between the central decision and the time when the leg is lifted, as determined by tarsal claw receptor burst termination, can be as much as 125 ms. This observation is of importance when considering both intrasegmental and intersegmental neural control mechanisms of scorpion locomotion.

Local control of veins: biomechanical, metabolic, and humoral aspects

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Monos ◽  
V. Berczi ◽  
G. Nadasy
Keyword(s):  
Neural Control ◽  
Orthostatic Intolerance ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Venous System ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Critical Survey ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Important Field ◽  
Effective Integration

The incidence of vein diseases (varicosity, thrombophlebitis, phlebosclerosis, orthostatic intolerance) is extremely high. In several countries it may exceed that of the arterial pathology by an order of magnitude. In the last decades, this recognition and the rapid accumulation of experimental data have resulted in a progressive reevaluation of the physiological significance of the venous system, which had been rather neglected earlier by scientists. The major aim of this review is to provide a critical survey of recent selected literature related to different physiological functions of the venous system as well as to biomechanical, metabolic, and humoral (ionic, hormonal) aspects of the local venous control. Local neural control mechanisms, including effects of catecholamines and other transmitters, are regarded to be beyond the scope of this work. At present, the synthesis of information available in the literature meets certain difficulties, because occasionally poorly defined methodological techniques and physiological parameters have been applied. On the other hand, a significant part of works dealing with venous physiology is excellent and inspirational. We have good reason to believe that the fast accumulation of reliable scientific data on this very important field will soon reach a new critical level, then an even more effective integration of knowledge will be possible.

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