Host-Manipulation by Trophically Transmitted Parasites: The Switcher-Paradigm

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 934-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryosuke Iritani ◽  
Takuya Sato
Keyword(s):  
Host Manipulation ◽  
Trophically Transmitted Parasites

scholarly journals Host manipulation by parasites in the world of dead-end predators: adaptation to enhance transmission?

2008 ◽  
Vol 275 (1643) ◽  
pp. 1611-1615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otto Seppälä ◽  
E. Tellervo Valtonen ◽  
Daniel P Benesh
Keyword(s):  
Definitive Host ◽  
Host Manipulation ◽  
Transmission Success ◽  
Adaptive Value ◽  
Dead End ◽  
The World ◽  
Acanthocephalus Lucii ◽  
Trophically Transmitted Parasites ◽  
Benefits And Costs ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Trophically transmitted parasites often alter their intermediate host's phenotype, thereby predisposing the hosts to increased predation. This is generally considered a parasite strategy evolved to enhance transmission to the next hosts. However, the adaptive value of host manipulation is not clear as it may be associated with costs, such as increased susceptibility to predators that are unsuitable next hosts for the parasites. We examined the ratio between the benefits and costs of host manipulation for transmission success of Acanthocephalus lucii (Acanthocephala), a parasite that alters the hiding behaviour and pigmentation of its isopod hosts. We experimentally compared the susceptibility of infected and uninfected isopods to predation by perch ( Perca fluvialis ; definitive host of the parasite) and dragonfly larvae (dead end). We found that the parasite predisposed the isopods to predation by both predators. However, the increased predation vulnerability of the infected isopods was higher towards perch. This suggests that, despite the costs due to non-host predation, host manipulation may still be advantageous for the parasite.

Inter-population variation in the intensity of host manipulation by the fish acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus tereticollis: are differences driven by predation risk?

Parasitology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 146 (10) ◽  
pp. 1296-1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Fayard ◽  
F. Cezilly ◽  
M.-J. Perrot-Minnot
Keyword(s):  
Population Variation ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Host Manipulation ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Biomass Density ◽  
Refuge Use ◽  
Behavioural Alteration ◽  
Trophically Transmitted Parasites ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Behavioural Manipulation

AbstractMany trophically-transmitted parasites induce behavioural alteration in their intermediate hosts that tend to increase host vulnerability to predation. Inter-population variability in parasite-induced alterations is expected to arise from variable local opportunities for trophic transmission. Yet, this hypothesis has not been investigated so far. We addressed the issue in four populations of the fish parasite Pomphorhynchus tereticollis (Acanthocephala), using variable fish biomass density as a proxy for transmission opportunities. We found variation in the intensity of parasite-induced changes in phototaxis and refuge use among populations. Two of the populations with the lowest predator biomass exhibited the highest levels of behavioural manipulation and prevalence, as expected at low transmission opportunities. They also exhibited micro-habitat segregation between infected and uninfected gammarids in the field. In addition, infection had variable effects on two physiological defence systems, immunity and antioxidant capacity, and on total protein content. Overall, our study brings partial support to the prediction that host manipulation and prevalence should be higher at low predator biomass. Although stronger evidence should be sought by increasing population replicates, our study points to the importance of the ecological context, specifically transmission opportunities brought about by predation pressure, for the evolution of parasite manipulation in trophically-transmitted parasites.

scholarly journals Understanding potential implications for non-trophic parasite transmission based on vertebrate behavior at mesocarnivore carcass sites

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moisés Gonzálvez ◽  
Carlos Martínez-Carrasco ◽  
Marcos Moleón
Keyword(s):  
Red Fox ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Camera Traps ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Domestic Species ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Wild Canids ◽  
Rubbing Behavior ◽  
Trophically Transmitted Parasites

AbstractHigh infection risk is often associated with aggregations of animals around attractive resources. Here, we explore the behavior of potential hosts of non-trophically transmitted parasites at mesocarnivore carcass sites. We used videos recorded by camera traps at 56 red fox (Vulpes vulpes) carcasses and 10 carcasses of other wild carnivore species in three areas of southeastern Spain. Scavenging species, especially wild canids, mustelids and viverrids, showed more frequent rubbing behavior at carcass sites than non-scavenging and domestic species, suggesting that they could be exposed to a higher potential infection risk. The red fox was the species that most frequently contacted carcasses and marked and rubbed carcass sites. Foxes contacted heterospecific carcasses more frequently and earlier than conspecific ones and, when close contact occurred, it was more likely to be observed at heterospecific carcasses. This suggests that foxes avoid contact with the type of carcass and time period that have the greatest risk as a source of parasites. Overall, non-trophic behaviors of higher infection risk were mainly associated with visitor-carcass contact and visitor contact with feces and urine, rather than direct contact between visitors. Moreover, contact events between scavengers and carnivore carcasses were far more frequent than consumption events, which suggests that scavenger behavior is more constrained by the risk of acquiring meat-borne parasites than non-trophically transmitted parasites. This study contributes to filling key gaps in understanding the role of carrion in the landscape of disgust, which may be especially relevant in the current global context of emerging and re-emerging pathogens. Graphical abstract

Magpie Host Manipulation by Great Spotted Cuckoos: Evidence for an Avian Mafia?

Evolution ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 770 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Soler ◽  
J. J. Soler ◽  
J. G. Martinez ◽  
A. P. Moller
Keyword(s):  
Host Manipulation

Host manipulation by parasites as a cryptic driver of energy flow through food webs

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
Takuya Sato ◽  
Ryosuke Iritani ◽  
Midori Sakura
Keyword(s):  
Food Webs ◽  
Energy Flow ◽  
Host Manipulation ◽  
Flow Through

scholarly journals Hypothesized behavioral host manipulation by SARS-CoV2/COVID-19 infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 109750
Author(s):  
Michael C. Barton ◽  
Kaylee V. Bennett ◽  
John R. Cook ◽  
Gordon G. Gallup ◽  
Steven M. Platek
Keyword(s):  
Host Manipulation

Growth and condition of juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch relate positively to species richness of trophically transmitted parasites

2014 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 1665-1681 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Losee ◽  
J. Fisher ◽  
D. J. Teel ◽  
R. E. Baldwin ◽  
D. J. Marcogliese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Trophically Transmitted Parasites

Host manipulation by cancer cells: Expectations, facts, and therapeutic implications

BioEssays ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tazzio Tissot ◽  
Audrey Arnal ◽  
Camille Jacqueline ◽  
Robert Poulin ◽  
Thierry Lefèvre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Host Manipulation ◽  
Therapeutic Implications
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