Evaluating the epidemiological impact of national control programmes for helminths

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 537-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Brooker ◽  
Sarah Whawell ◽  
Narcis B. Kabatereine ◽  
Alan Fenwick ◽  
Roy M. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Control Programmes ◽  
Epidemiological Impact ◽  
National Control

Present and future schistosomiasis control activities with support from the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative in West Africa

Parasitology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 136 (13) ◽  
pp. 1731-1737 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. GARBA ◽  
S. TOURÉ ◽  
R. DEMBELÉ ◽  
P. BOISIER ◽  
Z. TOHON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Information ◽  
Mass Treatment ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Schistosomiasis Control ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Coverage Rates ◽  
Control Initiative ◽  
National Control ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis

SUMMARYSince 2004 the West African countries of Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger have implemented national schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis control programmes with financial and technical support from the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI). In the first three years of the control programmes, nearly 13·5 million doses of praziquantel and albendazole have been administered against schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis with coverage rates varying between 67·0% and 93·9%. These treatments have resulted in a reduction of the prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma infection in the sentinel cohorts that were set up to monitor and evaluate the national control programmes. The challenges currently faced by these national control programmes are the ability to maintain the reduction in morbidity achieved thus far due to the mass treatment campaigns and ensuring sustainability. For reinforcement of surveillance, the establishment of a geographical information system is suggested in order to contribute towards enhanced sustainability of these programmes. Our new working hypothesis is that targeted control accompanied by periodic mass treatment campaigns (every two to three years) can contribute to maintaining the low levels of morbidity achieved thus far. The implementation of integrated neglected tropical disease control programmes in these countries will provide means to ensure the financial sustainability of control activities for the years to come.

scholarly journals Impact of Salmonella Control Programmes in Poultry on Human Salmonellosis Burden in Greece

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Myrsini Tzani ◽  
Georgia Mandilara ◽  
Joana Gomes Dias ◽  
Theologia Sideroglou ◽  
Anthi Chrysostomou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽  
Monthly Data ◽  
Human Salmonellosis ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
And Control ◽  
Salmonella Control ◽  
National Control

Since 2008, veterinary authorities in Greece have implemented national control programmes (NSCPs) targeting S. Enteritidis (SE) and S. Typhimurium (ST) in poultry. We assessed the effect of the programs on the reported number of human isolates. Using monthly data for 2006–2017, we defined two groups (SE, ST) and one control group with serotypes unrelated to poultry or eggs. For SE we also analysed data for 2006–2015 due to a multi-county SE outbreak in 2016. We performed an interrupted time series analysis and used a negative binominal regression model. For both SE and ST, there was no significant trend of the isolation rate before or after NSCPs’ introduction. After the NSCPs’ introduction there was an increasing rate (IRR: 1.005, 95% CI: 1.001–1.008) for control serotypes and a decreasing one for SE (IRR: 0.990, 95% CI: 0.986–0.995) (for 2009 to 2015 analysis). From 2006 to 2017, NSCPs had a statistically significant impact on the number of SE isolates that decreased by 49% (IRR:0.511, 95% CI: 0.353–0.739). No impact was shown on the number of ST (p-value = 0.741) and control isolates (p = 0.069). As a conclusion, NSCP’s implementation was associated with decreased SE isolates and overall burden of salmonellosis; however further measures aiming at human salmonellosis due to ST, should be considered.

scholarly journals Global Control of African swine fever. A GF-TADs initiative – 2020 annual report

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Global Control ◽  
Global Priority ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Global Initiative ◽  
Regional Solutions ◽  
Share Information ◽  
National Control

The current African swine fever epizootic is a major global crisis, directly and indirectly impacting the pig industry and rural communities worldwide. In 2019, FAO and the OIE designated ASF as a global priority transboundary animal disease under the GF-TADs, and in July 2020 they released a jointly developed programme to control the disease worldwide – ‘Global Control of African Swine Fever: A GF-TADs Initiative’ (The Global Initiative). In 2020, ASF virus continued to spread and the COVID-19 pandemic impacted field activities. However, global, regional and national stakeholders strove to maintain momentum in the control of ASF, in line with the objectives of the Global Initiative. Despite difficulties, some countries managed to eliminate the disease from their territories, indicating that ASF control is feasible with current tools. The Global Initiative identifies coordination at regional and global levels as key to enhancing national control programmes. It allows countries with similar socio-economic and epidemiological situations to share information, challenges and best practices, and to discuss regional solutions and approaches to enhancing control.

scholarly journals An Overview of Current Approaches and Challenges to the Control of Endemic Infectious Cattle Diseases in Albania

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xhelil Koleci ◽  
Ali Lilo ◽  
Sotiraq Papa ◽  
Keti Margariti ◽  
Annika van Roon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cattle Industry ◽  
Livestock Sector ◽  
Animal Disease Control ◽  
Cattle Diseases ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
National Control

Agriculture is an important production sector in Albania that makes a significant contribution to the gross domestic product (GDP) and employment. The livestock sector contributes more than half of the agricultural GDP. The Albanian cattle population represents 50% of the total livestock units and accounts for 85% of the national milk production, the rest being supplied by small ruminants. Cattle productivity, health and welfare are hindered by infectious diseases, some of which are also transmissible to humans (zoonosis). The aim of this manuscript is to provide an overview of the control of selected regulated and non-EU regulated cattle diseases in Albania and to highlight specific challenges for the Albanian cattle industry. The most important infectious cattle diseases in Albania for which national control and eradication strategies are in place are bovine brucellosis, bovine tuberculosis, and anthrax, which are all zoonotic. Additionally, lumpy skin disease recently emerged in the Balkan region and is currently subject to controls. Most of the available funds and European Union support are allocated to the control of EU regulated zoonotic diseases. For control of non-EU regulated cattle diseases, no funds are available resulting in the lack of national control programmes (CPs). Based on research, clinical investigations and laboratory results, several non-EU regulated cattle infectious diseases appear endemic in Albanian dairy farms. While no national CPs exist for any of them, regional initiatives are available on a voluntary basis to control infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhea. In the voluntary CPs, there is no monitored requirement to prove disease freedom of purchased animals and to re-evaluate the herd's free status after the introduction of animals into a herd. Data on animal movements that are routinely collected could potentially be used to control the risk of purchase, but quality needs to be further improved to increase its usefulness in disease CPs. This overview aims to collate existing information on the CPs implemented in Albania and to evaluate these to highlight gaps and threats in disease control, as well as opportunities and strengths through a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis, with the goal of providing a framework for the future implementation of animal disease control measures in Albania.

Estimation of the sensitivity of environmental sampling for detection ofSalmonellain commercial layer flocks post-introduction of national control programmes

2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (5) ◽  
pp. 1061-1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. ARNOLD ◽  
F. MARTELLI ◽  
I. MCLAREN ◽  
R. H. DAVIES
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Using Data ◽  
National Control

SUMMARYA key element of national control programmes (NCPs) forSalmonellain commercial laying flocks, introduced across the European Union, is the identification of infected flocks and holdings through statutory sampling. It is therefore important to know the sensitivity of the sampling methods, in order to design effective and efficient surveillance forSalmonella. However, improvedSalmonellacontrol in response to the NCP may have influenced key factors that determine the sensitivity of the sampling methods used to detectSalmonellain NCPs. Therefore the aim of this study was to compare estimates of the sensitivity of the sampling methods using data collected before and after the introduction of the NCP, using Bayesian methods. There was a large reduction in the sensitivity of dust in non-cage flocks between the pre-NCP studies (81% of samples positive in positive flocks) and post-NCP studies (10% of samples positive in positive flocks), leading to the conclusion that sampling dust is not recommended for detection ofSalmonellain non-cage flocks. However, cage dust (43% of samples positive in positive flocks) was found to be more sensitive than cage faeces (29% of samples positive in positive flocks). To have a high probability of detection, several NCP-style samples need to be used. For confirmation ofSalmonella, five NCP faecal samples for cage flocks, and three NCP faecal boot swab samples for non-cage flocks would be required to have the equivalent sensitivity of the EU baseline survey method, which was estimated to have an 87% and 75% sensitivity to detectSalmonellaat a 5% within-flock prevalence in cage and non-cage flocks, respectively.

Considerations in Dysphagia Management Following Esophagectomy

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (13) ◽  
pp. 169-176
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Evangelista ◽  
James L. Coyle
Keyword(s):  
Esophageal Cancer ◽  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures ◽  
Esophageal Resection ◽  
Minimally Invasive Surgical ◽  
Operative Complications ◽  
Swallowing Difficulties ◽  
Epidemiological Impact ◽  
Invasive Techniques ◽  
Management Of Dysphagia

Esophageal cancer is the sixth leading cause of death from cancer worldwide. Esophageal resection is the mainstay treatment for cancers of the esophagus. While curative, surgical resection may result in swallowing difficulties that require intervention from speech-language pathologists (SLPs). Minimally invasive surgical procedures for esophageal resection have aimed to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with more invasive techniques. Both intra-operative and post-operative complications, regardless of the surgical approach, can result in dysphagia. This article will review the epidemiological impact of esophageal cancers, operative complications resulting in dysphagia, and clinical assessment and management of dysphagia pertinent to esophageal resection.

Reports on Recent Activities of European Food Safety Authority

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 217-220
Keyword(s):  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Official Control ◽  
National Programmes ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Risk Managers

This report provides an overview of the 2017 official control activities on pesticide residues carried out in the European Union (EU) Member States, Iceland and Norway. It summarises the results of both the 2017 EU-coordinated control programme (EUCP) and the national control programmes (NP). While the NPs are mostly risk based (so called enforcement samples) focusing on pesticides or products originating from countries where a number of exceedances have been observed in the past, the EUCP aims to present a statistically representative snapshot of the situation of pesticide residues in food products that are mostly consumed in the EU following a random sampling procedure. The report includes the outcome of a dietary risk assessment based on the results of the overall 2017 control programmes. The comprehensive analysis of the results of all reporting countries provides risk managers with sound-based evidence for designing future monitoring programmes, in particular for taking decisions on which pesticides and food products should be targeted in risk-based national programmes.

Determinants of Aggregate Fertility in Pakistan

1986 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-570
Author(s):  
Ghulam Yasin Soomro
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Fertility Behaviour ◽  
Human Fertility ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
The Difference

Experiencing high fertility and declining mortality levels, the developing countries are today faced with the problem of relatively high rates of natural increase in their populations. This pace of growth in population, influenced by high fertility levels, impedes the overall development planning. As pointed out in a document prepared by the Planning Commission of Pakistan, 'A vicious circle is set in motion in which high fertility and socio-economic stagnation breed upon each other' [5]. In the developing countries, development programmes including birth control programmes are in operation. The sustained high fertility levels, therefore, call for more insights into the mechanisms operating in the society and influencing fertility. Studies of fertility behaviour are conducted at both micro and macro levels. The difference between micro and macro is a matter of emphasis rather than one of kind, and both approaches are concerned with each level of social aggregation. Macrolevel studies describe the level and pattern of change resulting from the ongoing socio-econornic development in the society as a whole and do not explain variations in fertility at the household level [12]. However, development programmes, which are implemented at aggregate levels defined by geographical boundaries, influence the population in terms of socio-economic status and fertility behaviour. There are many factors which affect human fertility individually or collectively. Attempts have been made to identify these factors, and conceptual frameworks have been developed to explain the causal hypotheses. In this context mention may be made of the demographic transition theory, which is often applied to study fertility behaviour.

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