Efficient utilization of waste plastics as raw material for metallic iron and syngas production by combining heat treatment pulverization and direct reduction

2020 ◽  
Vol 137 ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
Guang Wang ◽  
Jingsong Wang ◽  
Qingguo Xue
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Metallic Iron ◽  
Direct Reduction ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Waste Plastics ◽  
Efficient Utilization ◽  
Syngas Production

Experimental Parameter Study on Synthesis Gas Production by Steam-Oxygen Fluidized Bed Gasification of Sewage Sludge

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 579
Author(s):  
Max Schmid ◽  
Selina Hafner ◽  
Günter Scheffknecht
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Experimental Parameter ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Parameter Study ◽  
Syngas Production ◽  
Fuels And Chemicals

The conversion of biogenic residues to fuels and chemicals via gasification and synthesis processes is a promising pathway to replace fossil carbon. In this study, the focus is set on sewage sludge gasification for syngas production. Experiments were carried out in a 20 kW fuel input bubbling fluidized bed facility with steam and oxygen as gasification agent. In-situ produced sewage sludge ash was used as bed material. The sensitivity of the key operation parameters gasifier temperature, oxygen ratio, steam to carbon ratio, and the space velocity on the syngas composition (H2, CO, CO2, CH4, CxHy, H2S, COS, NH3, and tars) was determined. The results show that the produced syngas has high H2 and CO concentrations of up to 0.37 m3 m−3 and 0.18 m3 m−3, respectively, and is thus suitable for synthesis of fuels and chemicals. By adjusting the steam to carbon ratio, the syngas’ H2 to CO ratio can be purposely tailored by the water gas shift reaction for various synthesis products, e.g., synthetic natural gas (H2/CO = 3) or Fischer–Tropsch products (H2/CO = 2). Also, the composition and yields of fly ash and bed ash are presented. Through the gasification process, the cadmium and mercury contents of the bed ash were drastically reduced. The ash is suitable as secondary raw material for phosphorous or phosphate fertilizer production. Overall, a broad database was generated that can be used for process simulation and process design.

scholarly journals Coupled Preparation of Ferronickel and Cementitious Material from Laterite Nickel Ores

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 4992
Author(s):  
Ruimeng Shi ◽  
Xiaoming Li ◽  
Yaru Cui ◽  
Junxue Zhao ◽  
Chong Zou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Reduction ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Tricalcium Silicate ◽  
Cementitious Material ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Tricalcium Aluminate ◽  
Thermodynamic Conditions ◽  
Nickel Ores ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Factsage Software

Nickel slags can be produced through ferronickel preparation by the pyrometallurgical processing of laterite nickel ores; however, such techniques are underutilized at present, and serious environmental problems arise from the stockpiling of such nickel ores. In this study, a modification to the process of ferronickel preparation by the direct reduction of carbon bases in laterite nickel ores is proposed. The gangue from the ore is used as a raw material to prepare a cementitious material, with the main components of tricalcium silicate and tricalcium aluminate. By using FactSage software, thermodynamic calculations are performed to analyze the reduction of nickel and iron and the effect of reduction on the formation of tricalcium silicate and tricalcium aluminate. The feasibility of a coupled process to prepare ferronickel and cementitious materials by the direct reduction of laterite nickel ore and gangue calcination, respectively, is discussed under varying thermodynamic conditions. Different warming strategies are applied to experimentally verify the coupled reactions. The coupled preparation of ferronickel and cementitious materials with calcium silicate and calcium aluminate as the main phases in the same experimental process is realized.

The effect of phase transformations in the process of electrom-beam 3D-printing and post-built heat treatment on the peculiarities of plastic deformation and fracture of high nitrogen Cr-Mn steel

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
E.G. Astafurova ◽  
◽  
K.A. Reunova ◽  
S.V. Astafurov ◽  
M.Yu. Panchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Phase Composition ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Deformation And Fracture

We investigated the phase composition, plastic deformation and fracture micromechanisms of Fe-(25-26)Cr-(5-12)Mn-0.15C-0.55N (wt. %) high-nitrogen chromium-manganese steel. Obtained by the method of electron-beam 3D-printing (additive manufacturing) and subjected to a heat treatment (at a temperature of 1150°C following by quenching). To establish the effect of the electron-beam 3D-printing process on the phase composition, microstructure and mechanical properties of high-nitrogen steel, a comparison was made with the data for Fe-21Cr-22Mn-0.15C-0.53N austenitic steel (wt. %) obtained by traditional methods (casting and heat treatment) and used as a raw material for additive manufacturing. It was experimentally established that in the specimens obtained by additive manufacturing method, depletion of the steel composition by manganese in the electron-beam 3D-printing and post-built heat treatment contributes to the formation of a macroscopically and microscopically inhomogeneous two-phase structure. In the steel specimens, macroscopic regions of irregular shape with large ferrite grains or a two-phase austenite-ferrite structure (microscopic inhomogeneity) were observed. Despite the change in the concentration of the basic elements (chromium and manganese) in additive manufacturing, a high concentration of interstitial atoms (nitrogen and carbon) remains in steel. This contributes to the macroscopically heterogeneous distribution of interstitial atoms in the specimens - the formation of a supersaturated interstitial solid solution in the austenitic regions due to the low solubility of nitrogen and carbon in the ferrite regions. This inhomogeneous heterophase (ferrite-austenite) structure has high strength properties, good ductility and work hardening, which are close to those of the specimens of the initial high-nitrogen austenitic steel used as the raw material for additive manufacturing.

Preparation of Glass-Ceramics Using Molybdenum Tailings

2011 ◽  
Vol 284-286 ◽  
pp. 1431-1434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Rui Zhang ◽  
Ru Wang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Differential Thermal Analysis ◽  
Crystalline Phase ◽  
Glass Ceramics ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
The Other ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Nucleation Agents

In order to utilization the molybdenum tailings which be deposited in large quantities. Test used it to prepare glass-ceramics as main raw material, TiO2 as nucleation agents and CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system and wollastonite as the principal crystalline phase. Heat treatment system of glass-ceramics was based on the differential thermal analysis. The crystalline phase, microstructure and characteristics of glass-ceramics were analysis by XRD, SEM and physical, chemical properties test. The result shows that the performance of glass-ceramics was superior to the other types of building decoration stone.

scholarly journals Analisis Sifat Mekanis Baja Karbon Menengah Akibat Proses Austenisasi Tempering

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Nyoto Lestari ◽  
Helmy Purwanto ◽  
Muhammad Dzulfikar
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Raw Material

Perlakuan panas (heat treatment) didefinisikan sebagai kombinasi proses pemanasan dan pendinginan untuk mendapatkan sifat-sifat tertentu pada baja atau paduan lainnya. Salah satu proses perlakuan panas tersebut dengan proses quenching dan tempering. Proses ini dilakukan pada temperatur austenite 700 oC, 800 oC, 900 oC dengan media pendingin celup oli, kemudian di lanjutkan proses tempering pada temperatur 100 oC, 200 oC, 300 oC, dan 400 oC dengan waktu penahanan 15 menit. Hasil pengujian pada uji struktur mikro memperlihatkan bahwa fasa yang banyak terlihat adalah fasa perlit, sedangkan fasa martensit jarang ditemukan. Hasil pengujian kekerasan memperlihatkan bahwa nilai tertinggi adalah 591 HVN terdapat pada temperatur austenite 900 oC dan di tempering pada temperatur 200 oC. Hasil pengujian tarik mendapatkan Maksimal Stress tertinggi pada temperatur austenite 900 oC dan temperatur tempering 100 oC dengan nilai 961 MPa. Pengujian impak mendapat nilai 0,40J/mm2 yang terdapat pada temperatur austenite 900 oC dan temperatur tempering 400 oC. Proses tempering dapat menurunkan nilai kekerasan dan kekuatan tarik dan pada uji impak nilai kekerasan meningkat. Sementara hasil mikro struktur memperlihatkan bahwa jumlah fasa-fasenya hampir sama dengan  raw material.   

Pengaruh Teknik Tempa Lipat Terhadap Perubahan Sifat Mekanik Material AISI O1 Pada Pembuatan Pisau Tanto

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Alfan Ekajati Latief ◽  
Syahril Sayuti ◽  
Rakean Wide Windujati
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Lath Martensite ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Medium Carbon Steel ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Micro Structure ◽  
Medium Carbon

 ABSTRAKTanto merupakan senjata tajam yang berasal dari Jepang dan merupakan senjata kedua bagi para Samurai di Jepang. Tanto biasa terbuat dari baja karbon menengah hingga baja karbon tinggi yang. Material baja yang digunakan untuk pembuatan Tanto dalam penelitian ini adalah baja AISI seri O1 karena memiliki karakteristik sifat mampu bentuk yang baik serat dapat dikuatkan melalui proses heat treatment. Material baja ini dibuat dengan proses tempa lipat  dengan variasi tempa empat lipatan dan satu lipatan. Pembuatan Tanto dan spesimen uji dilakukan dengan proses tempa lipat secara konvensional menggunakan tungku arang, dengan temperatur tempa rata-rata yaitu ±1200oC, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan quenching pada temperatur ± 850oC, serta tempering pada temperatur ±250oC. Penelitian ditujukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari proses tempa empat lipatan dan tempa satu lipatan terhadap sifat mekanik, yaitu kekerasan dan kekuatan impak serta untuk melihat perubahan pada struktur mikro. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa nilai kekerasan paling tinggi sebesar41HRC yang dimiliki oleh pada raw material, ,sedangkan nilai impak paling tinggi sebesar 224,02 Joule/cm² ayng dicapai oleh material dengan proses tempa empat lipatan, Fasa akhir yang ditemukan pada baja tempa empat lipatan adalah  bainit dan martensit, sementara  perlit dan ferit ditemukan  pada baja satu lipatan, dan lath martensit ditemukan pada pada raw material  Kata kunci: Pisau Tanto, Tempa lipat ,Quenching, Tempering, Uji Impak  ABSTRACT Tanto is a sharp weapon originating  from Japan and is the second weapon for Samurai in Japan. Tanto is usually made of medium carbon steel to high carbon steel. The material which is used in this research is AISI O1 series steel because of its high ability to be formed and also can be made tough through a heat treatment process. This steel is made by folding forge process, with variation in number of folding, which is 4 folds and 1 fold. The making of Tanto and test specimens was carried out by conventional fold forging processes by using a charcoal furnace, with an average forging temperature at ± 1200oC, continue with quenching at ± 850oC, and tempering at ± 250oC. The research is carried out in order to determine the effect of the four-folds forging and one-fold forging to the mechanical behavior, which are hardness and impact strength,  and also to see change in its micro structure. The test that have been carried out shows that the highest hardness value of 41 HRC owned by raw material, while the highest impact value of 224.02 Joules / cm² obtained by material with four layer forging process. Final phases that found in the four-fold forged steel are bainite and martensite, pearlite and ferrite found in one-fold forged steel. and lath martensite in found in the raw material. Keywords: Tanto Knife, Folding Forging, Quenching, Tempering, Testing, Impact Tests

scholarly journals Magnetic Properties of SmCo5 + 10 wt% Fe Exchange-Coupled Nanocomposites Produced from Recycled SmCo5

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnab Chakraborty ◽  
Răzvan Hirian ◽  
Gregor Kapun ◽  
Viorel Pop
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Exchange Coupling ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Energy Ball ◽  
Hydrogen Decrepitation ◽  
Energy Products ◽  
First Time ◽  
Recycled Material

Nanostructured alloy powders of SmCo5 + 10 wt% Fe obtained using recycled material were studied for the first time. The SmCo5 precursor was obtained from commercial magnets recycled by hydrogen decrepitation. The results were compared with identically processed samples obtained using virgin SmCo5 raw material. The samples were synthesized by dry high-energy ball-milling and subsequent heat treatment. Robust soft/hard exchange coupling was observed—with large coercivity, which is essential for commercial permanent magnets. The obtained energy products for the recycled material fall between 80% and 95% of those obtained when using virgin SmCo5, depending on milling and annealing times. These results further offer viability of recycling and sustainability in production. These powders and processes are therefore candidates for the next generation of specialized and nanostructured exchange-coupled bulk industrial magnets.

scholarly journals The Effect of Al-Mg-Si Wire Rod Heat Treatment on Its Electrical Conductivity and Strength

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1027
Author(s):  
Beata Smyrak ◽  
Bartosz Jurkiewicz ◽  
Małgorzata Zasadzińska ◽  
Marek Gniełczyk ◽  
Patryk Jałowy
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Natural Aging ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
High Temperature Heat Treatment ◽  
Mechanical And Electrical Properties ◽  
Temperature Heat ◽  
Temperature Heat Treatment

The raw material for the production of Al-Mg-Si wires is wire rods, created in the Continuus Properzi line in temper T1 (cooled after forming at an elevated temperature and after natural aging). The general technologies for shaping the mechanical and electrical properties of Al-Mg-Si wire rods include two kinds: high- and low-temperature heat treatments. High-temperature heat treatment includes a homogenization process and a supersaturation process. Low-temperature heat treatment takes place after supersaturation and includes natural or artificial aging. This study shows how the amount of Mg and Si influences the mechanical and electrical properties of EN-AW 6101 wire rods after different kinds of heat treatments. As the general aim of this study was to determine the effect of the material’s temper on its mechanical and electrical properties, the research considered the initial parameters of the starting materials being examined. These parameters can be modified by selecting the chemical composition of the Al-Mg-Si alloy and the value of precipitation hardening obtained with artificial.

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