scholarly journals Towards an Energy Labelling of Pressurized Water Networks

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 209-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Cabrera ◽  
E. Cabrera ◽  
R. Cobacho ◽  
J. Soriano
Keyword(s):  
Water Networks ◽  
Pressurized Water ◽  
Energy Labelling

scholarly journals Theoretical Estimation of Energy Balance Components in Water Networks for Top-Down Approach

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1011
Author(s):  
Surachai Lipiwattanakarn ◽  
Suparak Kaewsang ◽  
Natchapol Charuwimolkul ◽  
Jiramate Changklom ◽  
Adichai Pornprommin
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Head Loss ◽  
Water Networks ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Pressurized Water ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Energy Balance Approach

The energy balance calculation for pressurized water networks is an important step in assessing the energy efficiency of water distribution systems. However, the calculation generally requires mathematical modelling of the water networks to estimate three important energy components: outgoing energy through water loss (El), friction energy loss (Ef) and energy associated with water loss (EWL). Based on a theoretical energy balance analysis of simplified pipe networks, a simple method is proposed to estimate El, Ef and EWL with minimum data requirements: input energy, water loss (WL) and head loss between the source and the minimum energy point (ΔH). By inclusion of the head loss in water networks into the estimation, the percentages of El and EWL are lower and higher, respectively, than using only the percentage of WL. The percentage of Ef can be a function of the percentage of ΔH. By demonstrating our analysis with the simulation results from the mathematical models of 20 real water networks, the proposed method can be used to effectively estimate El, Ef and EWL as a top-down energy balance approach.

scholarly journals PLIO: a generic tool for real-time operational predictive optimal control of water networks

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 448-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Cembrano ◽  
J. Quevedo ◽  
V. Puig ◽  
R. Pérez ◽  
J. Figueras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Flow Control ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Water Networks ◽  
Pressurized Water ◽  
Supply And Distribution ◽  
Future Demands

This paper presents a generic tool, named PLIO, that allows to implement the real-time operational control of water networks. Control strategies are generated using predictive optimal control techniques. This tool allows the flow management in a large water supply and distribution system including reservoirs, open-flow channels for water transport, water treatment plants, pressurized water pipe networks, tanks, flow/pressure control elements and a telemetry/telecontrol system. Predictive optimal control is used to generate flow control strategies from the sources to the consumer areas to meet future demands with appropriate pressure levels, optimizing operational goals such as network safety volumes and flow control stability. PLIO allows to build the network model graphically and then to automatically generate the model equations used by the predictive optimal controller. Additionally, PLIO can work off-line (in simulation) and on-line (in real-time mode). The case study of Santiago-Chile is presented to exemplify the control results obtained using PLIO off-line (in simulation).

Analysis Criteria for Choosing Energy Efficient High-Quality Light Sources and Luminaires

2018 ◽  
pp. 113-119
Author(s):  
Gennady Ya. Vagin ◽  
Eugene B. Solntsev ◽  
Oleg Yu. Malafeev
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
The European Union ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
The World ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Energy Labelling

The article analyses critera applying to the choice of energy efficient high quality light sources and luminaires, which are used in Russian domestic and international practice. It is found that national standards GOST P 54993–2012 and GOST P 54992– 2012 contain outdated criteria for determining indices and classes of energy efficiency of light sources and luminaires. They are taken from the 1998 EU Directive #98/11/EU “Electric lamps”, in which LED light sources and discharge lamps of high intensity were not included. A new Regulation of the European Union #874/2012/EU on energy labelling of electric lamps and luminaires, in which these light sources are taken into consideration, contains a new technique of determining classes of energy efficiency and new, higher classes are added. The article has carried out a comparison of calculations of the energy efficiency classes in accordance with GOST P 54993 and with Regulation #874/2012/EU, and it is found out that a calculation using GOST P 54993 gives underrated energy efficiency classes. This can lead to interdiction of export for certain light sources and luminaires, can discredit Russian domestic manufacturer light sources and does not correspond to the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO).

Leaching Studies of Cement-Glass Package Containing Sodium Borate

1986 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Okamoto ◽  
Koichi Chino ◽  
Tsutomu Baba ◽  
Tatsuo Izumida ◽  
Fumio Kawamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Sodium Borate ◽  
Pressurized Water Reactor ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Adsorption Ability ◽  
Pressurized Water ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Solidification Reaction ◽  
Main Components

AbstractA new solidification technique using cement-glass, which is a mixture of sodium silicate, cement, additives, and initiator of the solidification reaction, was developed for sodium borate liquid waste generated from pressurized water reactor (PWR) plants. The cement-glass could solidify eight times as much sodium borate as cement could, because the solidifying reaction of the cement-glass is not hindered by borate ions.The reaction mechanism of sodium silicate and phosphoric silicate (initiator), the main components of cement-glass, was studied through X-ray diffraction and compressive strength measurements. It was found that three- dimensionally bonded silicon dioxide was produced by polymerization of the two silicates. The leaching ratio of cesium from the cement-glass package was one-tenth that of the cement one. This low value was attributed to a high cesium adsorption ability of the cement-glass and it could be theoretically predicted accordingly.

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