The dual logic of Russia's party system nationalization

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-330
Author(s):  
Yuriy Gaivoronsky
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
Inequality Index ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Political Machines ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Election Results ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Competitive Regions ◽  
Level Of Analysis

The article attempts to identify major factors of the nationalization of the vote in contemporary Russia using the two level approach: the between- and within-region. The former compares regions as units of analysis while the latter additionally takes into account voting in municipalities to obtain levels of voting homogeneity within the regions. The study uses data from the last 2012e2016 national-regional electoral cycle investigating both federal and regional election results. Following Ishiyama (2002) for the between-region level of analysis the Regional Party Vote Inequality index has been utilized. The Party Nationalization Score proposed by Jones and Mainwaring (2003) has been applied to the measurement of voting territorial diversity at the within-region level. The results show that regional political factors may be still considered as major drivers of the nationalization of the vote as it did in the 1990s. The difference is that in politically recentralized Russia non-competitive regions headed by politically strong governors provides between-region inequality rather than contributing to nationalization. At the same time, the similarity continues in the ability of governors' “political machines” to contribute homogeneity of the vote, but only within their regions.

scholarly journals SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL FACTORS OF CRIME

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1535-1538
Author(s):  
Daniela Trajkovska
Keyword(s):  
Political Party ◽  
Party System ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Final Conclusion ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Endogenous Factors ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Major Factors

Personality is a product of social influences and educational upbringings. In addition to it the factors for committing crime are influenced by exogenous (internal) and endogenous (external) impacts. By making this work I will develop and expose the endogenous factors that influence the crime by social, economic and political impacts. I would like to put special emphasis on the unemployment, poverty, migration, micro and macro environment, in the family, education, society, then politics, the influence of political parties, religion and mass media. Wealth and poverty are a major factors that today has a significant impact on people to engage them in committing crimes, especially from property delinquencies, migration and unemployment. In the Republic of Macedonia, unemployment really is very present in everyday life and the work for a minimum wage. We live in a time when children somehow are left alone. Their parents live their lives, where intolerance between spouses and divorces are very common and usually that affects children to engage in crime. Today we live in a democratic society with a multi-party system, where people in the political party are involved in committing various kinds of criminal acts. The citizens have to be involved voluntarily or not in political party in order to find at least some hope for employment but usually they are tricked by political leaders and their followers which all this makes the functioning of the state very disabled for success on every field. As I mentioned in my work, I want to expose the social, economic and political factors to the fullest and explain their influence on crime and with all that as a final conclusion to give a proposal for prevention.

On the Major Differences between the Banking Systems of the EAEU States

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-406
Author(s):  
T. E. Chekanova
Keyword(s):  
Financial Stability ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Banking Regulation ◽  
Member States ◽  
Banking Systems ◽  
Significant Negative Impact ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
Major Factors

The presented study examines the problems of integration of the national banking systems of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU).Aim. The study aims to examine the major differences in various aspects of functioning of banking systems in the EAEU member states in terms of their impact on integration processes.Tasks. The author identifies the most prominent features of the banking systems of the EAEU states; reveals the depth of the existing differences through a comparative analysis of various indicators of national banking systems; outlines ways of overcoming integration problems associated with differences in the banking sectors of the Union states.Methods. This study is based on universal general scientific methods and elements of comparative, functional, and economic analysis within the framework of a systems approach. The author uses regulatory documents and banking reports of the EAEU states, statistical and analytical materials of the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC), and data of Moody’s international rating agency.Results. The study identifies a number of aspects that contain the major differences in the functioning of banking systems in the EAEU member states; highlights the disproportions in the scale, level of development, financial stability, and risks of the banking spheres of the Union states; comparatively analyzes the proportion of banking and non-banking structures in the system and the share of the government and non-resident companies in the capital of banks; marks the difference in the pricing of banking services; determines differences in the existing approaches to banking regulation and the established standards; analyzes the major differences in the legislative acts of the central banks and governments of the EAEU member states and in the terms and definitions used. According to the results of the study, the major factors hindering the development of integration processes between the banking systems of the EAEU states are identified.Conclusions. The existing differences between the banking systems of the EAEU countries are diverse and multifaceted. The author states that the aspects addressed in this study have a significant negative impact on the further development of integration processes, describing the major directions and actions of the member states aimed at minimizing the exiting differences, which are required to facilitate the convergence of the states and the transition towards a common financial market.

Presidentialism and the Effect of Electoral Law in Postcommunist Systems

2005 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry D. Clark ◽  
Jill N. Wittrock
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
Electoral Systems ◽  
New Democracies ◽  
Representation Systems ◽  
Legislative Agenda ◽  
Majority Control ◽  
Election Results ◽  
Duverger's Law ◽  
Electoral Law ◽  
Mixed Systems

Efforts to test Duverger’s law in the new democracies of postcommunist Europe have had mixed results. Research argues that mixed systems have an effect on the number of effective parties that is distinct from that of single-mandate district and proportional representation systems. Less attention has been given to the effect of other institutions on the party system, particularly strong presidents. Analyzing election results in postcommunist Europe, the authors find support for Duverger’s law after controlling for the strength of the executive. They argue that strong presidents substantially reduce the incentive for parties to seize control of the legislative agenda. Hence, the restraint that electoral systems exercise on the proliferation of parties and independent candidates is weakened. The authors find that a further consequence of strong presidents is that the incentive for majority control of committees and the legislative agenda is weakened.

Impact of Candidate Selection Systems on Election Results: Evidence from Taiwan before and after the Change in Electoral Systems

2013 ◽  
Vol 213 ◽  
pp. 152-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dafydd Fell
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
Electoral Systems ◽  
Candidate Selection ◽  
Campaign Strategies ◽  
Policy Positions ◽  
Electoral Success ◽  
Electoral Outcomes ◽  
Extensive Coverage ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Election Results

AbstractA central challenge for scholars of party politics is to explain parties' electoral success or failure. Campaign strategies, candidate personalities, electoral systems, parties' issue emphasis and policy positions all receive extensive coverage in the literature. One variable that has been neglected is the role of nomination systems in election results. This is surprising considering how politicians often blame candidate selection failures for disappointing electoral outcomes and then reform nomination mechanisms in the hope of improving future election prospects. In this study I examine the relationship between nomination systems and electoral results in Taiwan before and after the change in electoral systems. I show that candidate selection methods have played an important role in shaping Taiwan's party system under the old and new electoral systems.

Mexico: New Democracy with Old Parties?

Politics ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 172-180
Author(s):  
Carlos E. Casillas ◽  
Alejandro Mújica
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
Party System ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Contemporary History ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Election Results ◽  
New Democracy

Mexico's 2000 presidential election was one of the most important political events in the nation's contemporary history. The victory of the National Action Party (PAN) and Vicente Fox, the first ‘non-official’ candidate ever to win a Mexican presidential election, surprised both local and world observers. This article comprises four parts. Part I very briefly places the election in historical perspective. In Part II, each of the three front-runners in the contest is profiled. Part III includes a systematic analysis of the general election results by constituencies or other territorial units, and features tabulated data. Part IV addresses the development of political parties and the party system before and after the elections.

Guidance of Equipment Risk Management With RBI Techniques

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Qu ◽  
Xiangmin Hao ◽  
Anhe Jiang ◽  
Mingchao Gao
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Sprinkler System ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Release Time ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Corrosion Failure ◽  
Continuous Release ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Major Factors

The West Pacific Petrochemical Company Limited, Dalian is the first enterprise that adopts risk-based inspection (RBI) technology in the oil refinery plants in China, the application of RBI technology plays a positive role in guaranteeing long-cycle operation of the plant. With the continuous deepening of degree of understanding of API 581 standard and continuous enriching of experience with use of RBI software, by tracing the risks, there are three major factors that affect the risk of equipment or component, i.e. risk consequence, failure likelihood and management system, which are taken as the direction of efforts for guiding the implementation of equipment risk management measures. If there are litigation measures in the release consequence (sprinkler system or passive litigation technology) that can reduce continuous release rate and release time, then the release consequence of equipment can be reduced; if inspection techniques are adopted with respect to corrosion failure mechanisms or the proportion of inspection is increased in the failure likelihood, then the failure likelihood can be reduced effectively; and other measures such as analyzing the problems listed in each item of management system assessment and taking measures to improve management level and thus increase scores of management system by comparing the difference between the management of the enterprise itself and those listed in the standard. By implementing above measures, the ability of equipment risk management is improved and thus the intrinsic safety of equipment management is effectively guaranteed.

The Electoral System of Israel

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Shugart
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
Institutional Design ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Proportional Representation ◽  
Product Model ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Proportional Systems ◽  
Seat Allocation ◽  
Over Time

The electoral system of Israel is an “extreme” example of proportional representation because of its use of a single nationwide district. This feature has been a constant since 1949, while secondary features, such as legal thresholds and the proportional seat-allocation formula, have changed and had an impact on degrees of proportionality. The party system is highly fragmented, as expected in extreme proportional systems. By applying the Seat Product Model to indices of election outcomes, it is possible to determine whether Israel’s system is more or less fragmented and proportional than expected for its institutional design. This chapter reports that the long-term average outputs are about as expected, but they have fluctuated over time. Some of these fluctuations reflect changes in the secondary features of the system, while others are the results of political factors independent of the institutions.

A comparison of the frequency of lambing on the reproductive performance of finn dorset ewes

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 90-90
Author(s):  
C.M. Minter
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sheep Production ◽  
Major Factors

One of the major factors affecting the efficiency and profitability of sheep production is the number of lambs reared per ewe. In 1991 lambs reared per ewe accounted for 14% of the difference in gross margin per hectare between top third and average lowland spring lambing flocks (MLC, 1992). The hypothesis was developed that in managing the prolific ewe three possible management systems could be employed; frequent lambing (FL), early annual lambing (EAL), or late annual lambing (LAL). The choice of these lambing systems was based on minimising the problems of the prolific ewe. Of these systems FL (lambing on an eight month cycle), provided the best opportuity for achieving high numbers of lambs sold per ewe.

Amtsinhaber-Effekte in „unsicheren“ Wahlkreisen – eine Analyse anhand der Landtagswahlen in Brandenburg, Sachsen und Thüringen (1990 bis 2019)

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-366
Author(s):  
Hendrik Träger ◽  
Jan Pollex ◽  
Marc S. Jacob
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
Vote Share ◽  
Eine Analyse ◽  
German Länder ◽  
East German ◽  
Election Results

The elections in three East German Länder in 2019 did not only result in significant changes in the proportional vote share but also in severe shifts in constituency results between directly elected deputies . Against this backdrop this article analyses the election results in Brandenburg, Saxony, and Thuringia since 1990 . It shows that most of the constituencies have become contested . Hence, concepts dealing with “safe” constituencies for one party can, particularly in an increasingly fragmented party system, no longer explain election outcomes . Instead, the relevance of candidates for their respective electoral performances is taken into account . Overall, our results clearly suggest an incumbency factor .

Radical Party Politics and Mobilization Against It in the Slovak Parliamentary Elections 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-352
Author(s):  
Oľga Gyárfášová ◽  
Peter Učeň
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Party System ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Party Politics ◽  
Parliamentary Elections ◽  
Popular Support ◽  
Main Research ◽  
The People ◽  
Election Results

This article reviews certain trends in popular support for political parties – especially new ones – as they manifested themselves prior to and during the 2020 parliamentary elections. It summarizes the ways in which demand for change was expressed before and during the election through the election results and the data on party supporters. It concludes that the thesis on the radicalization of new generations of party-political challenges in the Slovak polity did not hold true in 2020. The main research question regards the possibility of conceptualizing the rise of two new moderate political parties, PS/Together and For the People, as a counter-mobilization against the previous emergence of radical anti-establishment and anti-systemic challengers within the party system.

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