SEM/EDX: Advanced investigation of structured fire residues and residue formation

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 606-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Sturm ◽  
B. Schartel ◽  
A. Weiß ◽  
U. Braun
Keyword(s):  
Fire Residues

scholarly journals The formation of fire residues associated with hunter-gatherers in humid tropical environments: A geo-ethnoarchaeological perspective

2017 ◽  
Vol 171 ◽  
pp. 85-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Friesem ◽  
Noa Lavi ◽  
Marco Madella ◽  
Elisabetta Boaretto ◽  
P. Ajithparsad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Tropical Environments ◽  
Fire Residues

Characterisation of dissolved organic matter in water extracts of thermally altered plant species found in box - ironbark forests

Soil Research ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eben S. Quill ◽  
Michael J. Angove ◽  
David W. Morton ◽  
Bruce B. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Water Extracts ◽  
Central Victoria ◽  
Reducing Conditions ◽  
Extraction Period ◽  
Kaolinite Surface ◽  
Fire Residues ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

This study investigated the chemical structure of extracted dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from thermally altered plant material found in the box–ironbark environments of central Victoria, namely: Eucalyptus tricarpa, Pinus pinaceae, Isolepsis nodosa, Acacia pycnantha, and Cassinia arcuata. Samples taken from the plants were burnt at 150, 300, and 400°C, under oxidising and reducing conditions in order to represent the variable combustion undergone by plants during bushfire events. The extraction of DOM from the burnt residues into water was conducted over 96 h. During the extraction period, solution concentrations of DOM were measured using HPLC and TOC methods, while the chemistry of the extracted DOM was characterised using ATR-IR. The nature of the extracted DOM depended on the originating species and whether burnt under oxidising or reducing conditions. DOM derived from the residues of the Australian native trees and shrubs (E. tricarpa, A. pycnantha, and C. arcuata) were generally more aromatic and conjugated than the materials extracted from herbaceous I. nodosa and introduced dendrophyte P. pinaceae. When burnt under reducing conditions, fire residues were less polar, indicated by the fact that they were significantly less soluble and ATR-IR spectra spectroscopy showed little OH stretching compared with the extracts obtained under oxidising conditions. Water extracts from the burnt residues sorbed strongly to the mineral goethite, but had less affinity for the kaolinite surface.

Use of Geopolymer Matrix Composites in the Construction of Fire Doors

2014 ◽  
Vol 635 ◽  
pp. 174-176
Author(s):  
Iva Dufkova ◽  
Sezer Bilketay ◽  
Dora Kroisová ◽  
Vladimír Kovačič
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Geopolymer Matrix ◽  
Fire Residues ◽  
Combustible Materials

Protection and safety of workers in plants with the danger of fire is always the first place. They are currently used in devices that are designed to quickly separate the fire residues from workers such as steel fire doors filled with non-combustible materials that insulate the prescribed time up to 600 ° C. As the demands for safety was the requirement for resistance to temperatures higher than 600 ° C. [1, 2]. Post relates to improvements refractory properties of steel gates based geopolymer matrix composites. They are analyzed the properties of different materials such as fillers geopolymer matrix, durability and affinity to steel parts of the door structure.

Melamine poly(zinc phosphate) as flame retardant in epoxy resin: Decomposition pathways, molecular mechanisms and morphology of fire residues

2016 ◽  
Vol 130 ◽  
pp. 307-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Müller ◽  
Michael Morys ◽  
Aleksandra Sut ◽  
Christian Jäger ◽  
Bernhard Illerhaus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Zinc Phosphate ◽  
Fire Residues

scholarly journals Evaluation of an Ozone Chamber as a Routine Method to Decontaminate Firefighters’ PPE

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (20) ◽  
pp. 10587
Author(s):  
Marcella A. de Melo Lucena ◽  
Félix Zapata ◽  
Filipe Gabriel M. Mauricio ◽  
Fernando E. Ortega-Ojeda ◽  
M. Gloria Quintanilla-López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Ozone Treatment ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Routine Method ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Fire Residues ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Lower Oxidation ◽  
Partial Chemical

Ozone chambers have emerged as an alternative method to decontaminate firefighters’ Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) from toxic fire residues. This work evaluated the efficiency of using an ozone chamber to clean firefighters’ PPE. This was achieved by studying the degradation of pyrene and 9-methylanthracene polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The following experiments were performed: (i) insufflating ozone into PAH solutions (homogeneous setup), and (ii) exposing pieces of PPE impregnated with the PAHs to an ozone atmosphere for up to one hour (heterogeneous setup). The ozonolysis products were assessed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC), and Mass Spectrometry (MS) analysis. In the homogeneous experiments, compounds of a higher molecular weight were produced due to the incorporation of oxygen into the PAH structures. Some of these new compounds included 4-oxapyren-5-one (m/z 220) and phenanthrene-4,5-dicarboxaldehyde (m/z 234) from pyrene; or 9-anthracenecarboxaldehyde (m/z 207) and hydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione (m/z 225) from 9-methylanthracene. In the heterogeneous experiments, a lower oxidation was revealed, since no byproducts were detected using FTIR and TLC, but only using MS. However, in both experiments, significant amounts of the original PAHs were still present even after one hour of ozone treatment. Thus, although some partial chemical degradation was observed, the remaining PAH and the new oxygenated-PAH compounds (equally or more toxic than the initial molecules) alerted us of the risks to firefighters’ health when using an ozone chamber as a unique decontamination method. These results do not prove the ozone-advertised efficiency of the ozone chambers for decontaminating (degrading the toxic combustion residues into innocuous compounds) firefighters’ PPE.

scholarly journals Centennial black carbon turnover observed in a Russian steppe soil

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 1339-1350 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Hammes ◽  
M. S. Torn ◽  
A. G. Lapenas ◽  
M. W. I. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Turnover Time ◽  
Depth Interval ◽  
Carbon Turnover ◽  
Ecosystem Models ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Polycarboxylic Acids ◽  
Fire Residues ◽  
Total Organic C

Abstract. Black carbon (BC), from incomplete combustion of fuels and biomass, has been considered highly recalcitrant and a substantial sink for carbon dioxide. Recent studies have shown that BC can be degraded in soils. We use two soils with very low spatial variability sampled 100 years apart in a Russian steppe preserve to generate the first whole-profile estimate of BC stocks and turnover in the field. Quantities of fire residues in soil changed significantly over a century. Black carbon stock was 2.5 kg m−2, or about 7–10% of total organic C in 1900. With cessation of biomass burning, BC stocks decreased 25% over a century, which translates into a centennial soil BC turnover (293 years best estimate; range 182–541 years), much faster than so-called inert or passive carbon in ecosystem models. The turnover time presented here is for loss by all processes, namely decomposition, leaching, and erosion, although the latter two were probably insignificant in this case. Notably, at both time points, the peak BC stock was below 30 cm, a depth interval, which is not typically accounted for. Also, the quality of the fire residues changed with time, as indicated by the use benzene polycarboxylic acids (BPCA) as molecular markers. The proportions of less-condensed (and thus more easily degradable) BC structures decreased, whereas the highly condensed (and more recalcitrant) BC structures survived unchanged over the 100-year period. Our results show that BC cannot be assumed chemically recalcitrant in all soils, and other explanations for very old soil carbon are needed.

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