Current versus electrochemical potential in nanoconstrictions with small atom-lead coupling

2008 ◽  
Vol 372 (25) ◽  
pp. 4638-4640 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Grado-Caffaro ◽  
M. Grado-Caffaro
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Potential ◽  
Small Atom

Incoherent spin current

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ando ◽  
E. Saitoh
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Equation ◽  
Spin Density ◽  
Spin Diffusion ◽  
Spin Injection ◽  
Spin Current ◽  
Ferromagnetic Semiconductor ◽  
Electrochemical Potential ◽  
Semiconductor Interface ◽  
Interface Resistance ◽  
Inhomogeneous Spin

This chapter introduces the concept of incoherent spin current. A diffusive spin current can be driven by spatial inhomogeneous spin density. Such spin flow is formulated using the spin diffusion equation with spin-dependent electrochemical potential. The chapter also proposes a solution to the problem known as the conductivity mismatch problem of spin injection into a semiconductor. A way to overcome the problem is by using a ferromagnetic semiconductor as a spin source; another is to insert a spin-dependent interface resistance at a metal–semiconductor interface.

Stability and Microstructure Characterization of Barrierless Cu (Sn, C) Films

2014 ◽  
Vol 1052 ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Na Li ◽  
Lu Jie Jin ◽  
Li Rong Zhao ◽  
Chuang Dong
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Barrier ◽  
Amorphous Layer ◽  
Barrier Effect ◽  
Co Doping ◽  
Cu Alloy ◽  
Large Atom ◽  
Cu Film ◽  
Small Atom ◽  
Lower Resistivity

Thermal stability, adhesion and electronic resistivity of the Cu alloy films with diffusion barrier elements (large atom Sn and small atom C) have been studied. Ternary Cu (0.6 at.% Sn, 2 at.% C) films were prepared by magnetron co-sputtering in this work. The microstructure and resistivity analysis on the films showed that the Cu (0.6 at.% Sn, 2 at.% C) film had better adhesion with the substrate and lower resistivity (2.8 μΩ·cm, after annealing at 600 °C for 1 h). Therefore, the doping of carbon atoms makes less effect to the resistivity by decreasing the amount of the doped large atoms, which results in the decreasing of the whole resistivity of the barrierless structure. After annealing, the doped elements in the film diffused to the interface to form self-passivated amorphous layer, which could further hinder the diffusion between Cu and Si. So thus ternary Cu (0.6 at.% Sn, 2 at.% C) film had better diffusion barrier effect. Co-doping of large atoms and small atoms in the Cu film is a promising way to improve the barrierless structure.

scholarly journals Early-stage formation of (hydr)oxo bridges in transition-metal catalysts for photosynthetic processes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin Nakamura ◽  
Matteo Capone ◽  
Giuseppe Mattioli ◽  
Leonardo Guidoni
Keyword(s):  
Transition Metal ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Ab Initio ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Metal Catalysts ◽  
Transition Metal Catalysts ◽  
Electrochemical Potential ◽  
Ab Initio Simulations

Water-oxidizing metal-(hydr)oxo catalyst films can be generally deposited and activated by applying a positive electrochemical potential to suitable starting aqueous solutions. Here, we used ab initio simulations based on density...

scholarly journals Function Trumps Form in Two Sugar Symporters, LacY and vSGLT

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3572
Author(s):  
Jeff Abramson ◽  
Ernest M. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Binding Site ◽  
Sugar Transport ◽  
Electrochemical Potential ◽  
Inverted Repeats ◽  
Side Chains ◽  
Transmembrane Helices ◽  
Central Cavity ◽  
Potential Gradients ◽  
Sodium Binding ◽  
Major Facilitator

Active transport of sugars into bacteria occurs through symporters driven by ion gradients. LacY is the most well-studied proton sugar symporter, whereas vSGLT is the most characterized sodium sugar symporter. These are members of the major facilitator (MFS) and the amino acid-Polyamine organocation (APS) transporter superfamilies. While there is no structural homology between these transporters, they operate by a similar mechanism. They are nano-machines driven by their respective ion electrochemical potential gradients across the membrane. LacY has 12 transmembrane helices (TMs) organized in two 6-TM bundles, each containing two 3-helix TM repeats. vSGLT has a core structure of 10 TM helices organized in two inverted repeats (TM 1–5 and TM 6–10). In each case, a single sugar is bound in a central cavity and sugar selectivity is determined by hydrogen- and hydrophobic- bonding with side chains in the binding site. In vSGLT, the sodium-binding site is formed through coordination with carbonyl- and hydroxyl-oxygens from neighboring side chains, whereas in LacY the proton (H3O+) site is thought to be a single glutamate residue (Glu325). The remaining challenge for both transporters is to determine how ion electrochemical potential gradients drive uphill sugar transport.

Real-time monitoring of stress development during electrochemical cycling of electrode materials for Li-ion batteries: overview and perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (41) ◽  
pp. 23679-23726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj K. Jangid ◽  
Amartya Mukhopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Electrochemical Potential ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Stress Development ◽  
Electrochemical Cycling ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
Real Time Information ◽  
Time Information

Monitoring stress development in electrodes in-situ provides a host of real-time information on electro-chemo-mechanical aspects as functions of SOC and electrochemical potential.

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