Preliminary evidence of sex differences in behavioral and neural responses to palatable food reward in rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 176 ◽  
pp. 165-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine B. Sinclair ◽  
Britny A. Hildebrandt ◽  
Kristen M. Culbert ◽  
Kelly L. Klump ◽  
Cheryl L. Sisk
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Palatable Food

Sex differences in age of diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder: Preliminary evidence from Uganda

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Bonney ◽  
Catherine Abbo ◽  
Collin Ogara ◽  
Michele E. Villalobos ◽  
Jed T. Elison
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Age Of Diagnosis

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Neural Responses to the Perception of Social Interactions

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangfei Li ◽  
Yu Chen ◽  
Wuyi Wang ◽  
Isha Dhingra ◽  
Simon Zhornitsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Neural Responses

scholarly journals Effects of chronic stress on reinstatement of palatable food seeking: Sex differences and relationship to trait anxiety

2020 ◽  
Vol 221 ◽  
pp. 112900
Author(s):  
Kevin T. Ball ◽  
Olivia Best ◽  
Erin Hagan ◽  
Claire Pressimone ◽  
Lindsay Tosh
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Palatable Food ◽  
Food Seeking

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Demand for Highly Palatable Foods: Role of the Orexin System

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linnea R Freeman ◽  
Brandon S Bentzley ◽  
Morgan H James ◽  
Gary Aston-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Demand Curve ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Demand Elasticity ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Palatable Food ◽  
Behavioral Economic ◽  
Male And Female Rats

Abstract Background The prevalence of eating disorders, including binge eating disorder, is significantly higher in women. These findings are mirrored by preclinical studies, which indicate that female rats have a higher preference for palatable food and show greater binge-like eating compared with male rats. Methods Here, we describe a novel within-session behavioral-economic paradigm that allows for the simultaneous measurement of the intake at null cost (Q0) and normalized demand elasticity (α) of 3 types of palatable food (low fat, high fat, and chocolate sucrose pellets) via demand curve analysis. In light of evidence that the orexin (hypocretin) system is critically involved in reward and feeding behaviors, we also examined the role of orexin function in sex differences of economic demand for palatable foods. Results The novel within-session behavioral-economic approach revealed that female rats have higher intake (demand) than males for all palatable foods at low cost (normalized to body weight) but no difference in intake at higher prices, indicating sex-dependent differences in the hedonic, but not motivational, aspects of palatable food. Immediately following behavioral-economic testing, we observed more orexin-expressing neurons and Fos expression (measure of recent neural activation) in these neurons in female rats compared with male rats. Moreover, the orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB334867 reduced both low- and high-cost intake for palatable food in both male and female rats. Conclusions These findings provide evidence of higher demand at low prices for palatable food in females and indicate that these behavioral differences may be associated with sexual dimorphism in orexin system function.

scholarly journals Sympathetic neural responses to 24-hour sleep deprivation in humans: sex differences

2012 ◽  
Vol 302 (10) ◽  
pp. H1991-H1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason R. Carter ◽  
John J. Durocher ◽  
Robert A. Larson ◽  
Joseph P. DellaValla ◽  
Huan Yang
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Operating Point ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Short Sleep Duration ◽  
Short Sleep ◽  
Baroreflex Function ◽  
Normal Sleep ◽  
Spontaneous Fluctuations

Sleep deprivation has been linked to hypertension, and recent evidence suggests that associations between short sleep duration and hypertension are stronger in women. In the present study we hypothesized that 24 h of total sleep deprivation (TSD) would elicit an augmented pressor and sympathetic neural response in women compared with men. Resting heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) were measured in 30 healthy subjects (age, 22 ± 1; 15 men and 15 women). Relations between spontaneous fluctuations of diastolic arterial pressure and MSNA were used to assess sympathetic baroreflex function. Subjects were studied twice, once after normal sleep and once after TSD (randomized, crossover design). TSD elicited similar increases in systolic, diastolic, and mean BP in men and women (time, P < 0.05; time × sex, P > 0.05). TSD reduced MSNA in men (25 ± 2 to 16 ± 3 bursts/100 heart beats; P = 0.02), but not women. TSD did not alter spontaneous sympathetic or cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivities in either sex. However, TSD shifted the spontaneous sympathetic baroreflex operating point downward and rightward in men only. TSD reduced testosterone in men, and these changes were correlated to changes in resting MSNA ( r = 0.59; P = 0.04). Resting HR, respiratory rate, and estradiol were not altered by TSD in either sex. In conclusion, TSD-induced hypertension occurs in both sexes, but only men demonstrate altered resting MSNA. The sex differences in MSNA are associated with sex differences in sympathetic baroreflex function (i.e., operating point) and testosterone. These findings may help explain why associations between sleep deprivation and hypertension appear to be sex dependent.

scholarly journals Greater striatopallidal adaptive coding during cue-reward learning and food reward habituation predict future weight gain

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Stanley Burger
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Reward Learning ◽  
Ventral Pallidum ◽  
Palatable Food ◽  
Growth Curve Models ◽  
Simultaneous Decrease ◽  
Dopamine Signaling

Animal experiments indicate that after repeated pairings of palatable food receipt and cues that predict palatable food receipt, dopamine signaling increases in response to predictive cues, but decreases in response to food receipt. Using functional MRI and mixed effects growth curve models with 35 females (M age=15.5±0.9; M BMI=24.5±5.4) we documented an increase in BOLD response in the caudate (r=.42) during exposure to cues predicting impending milkshake receipt over repeated exposures, demonstrating a direct measure of in vivo cue-reward learning in humans. Further, we observed a simultaneous decrease in putamen (r=-.33) and ventral pallidum (r=-.45) response during milkshake receipt that occurred over repeated exposures, putatively reflecting food reward habitation. We then tested whether cue-reward learning and habituation slopes predicted future weight over 2-year follow-up. Those who exhibited the greatest escalation in ventral pallidum responsivity to cues and the greatest decrease in caudate response to milkshake receipt showed significantly larger increases in BMI (r=.39 and -.69 respectively). Interestingly, cue-reward learning propensity and food reward habituation were not correlated, implying that these factors may constitute qualitatively distinct vulnerability pathways to excess weight gain. These two individual difference factors may provide insight as to why certain people have shown obesity onset in response to the current obesogenic environment in western cultures, whereas others have not.

scholarly journals A Biopsychosocial Model of Sex Differences in Children’s Eating Behaviors

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen L. Keller ◽  
Samantha M. R. Kling ◽  
Bari Fuchs ◽  
Alaina L. Pearce ◽  
Nicole A. Reigh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Food Cues ◽  
Taste Response ◽  
Parental Feeding ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity

The prevalence of obesity and eating disorders varies by sex, but the extent to which sex influences eating behaviors, especially in childhood, has received less attention. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on sex differences in eating behavior in children and present new findings supporting the role of sex in child appetitive traits and neural responses to food cues. In children, the literature shows sex differences in basic taste response, food acceptance, eating self-regulation, and appetitive traits. New analyses demonstrate that sex interacts with child weight status to differentially influence appetitive traits and neural responses to food cues. Further, neuroimaging results suggest that obesity in female children is positively related to brain reactivity to higher-energy-dense food cues in regions involved with learning, memory, and object recognition, while the opposite was found in males. In addition to differences in how the brain processes information about food, other factors that may contribute to sex differences include parental feeding practices, societal emphasis on dieting, and peer influences. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings, as they may have implications for the development of effective intervention programs to improve dietary behaviors and prevent obesity.

scholarly journals Distraction attenuates goal-directed neural responses for food rewards

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Duif ◽  
Joost Wegman ◽  
Kees de Graaf ◽  
Paul A.M. Smeets ◽  
Esther Aarts
Keyword(s):  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Attentional Load ◽  
The Right ◽  
Established Role ◽  
Outcome Devaluation

AbstractDistracted eating can lead to increased food intake, but it is unclear how. We hypothesized that distraction affects the change in motivated responses for food reward after satiation. To investigate this, 38 healthy normal-weight participants (28F, 10M) performed a detection task varying in attentional load (high or low distraction) during fMRI. Simultaneously, they exerted effort for food rewards (sweet or savory) by repeated button presses. Two fMRI runs were separated by outcome devaluation (satiation) of one of the reward outcomes, to assess outcome-sensitive, i.e. goal-directed, responses. Behavioral results showed no effect of distraction on effort for food reward following outcome devaluation. At an uncorrected threshold (p<0.001), distraction decreased goal-directed responses (devalued versus valued) in the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG). Importantly, these distraction-sensitive rIFG responses correlated negatively (r = - 0.40, p = 0.014) with the effect of distraction on the number of button presses. Specifically, decreased rIFG responses due to distraction related to increased button presses for food reward after satiation, in line with the rIFG’s established role in response inhibition. Furthermore, distraction decreased functional connectivity between the rIFG (seed) and left putamen for valued versus devalued food rewards (pFWE(cluster)<0.05). Our results suggest that distraction attenuates the ability to inhibit responses for food reward after satiation by affecting the rIFG. Furthermore, distraction attenuated connectivity between two regions involved in response inhibition – rIFG and putamen – after outcome devaluation. These results may explain why distraction can lead to overeating in our current, distracting, environment. The study was preregistered at: https://osf.io/ad2qk.

scholarly journals Sex‐differences in neural responses to experimental pain in Alzheimer's disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle D Failla ◽  
Wm. Larkin Iversen ◽  
Sebastian W Atalla ◽  
Ronald L Cowan ◽  
Todd B Monroe
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Experimental Pain ◽  
Neural Responses
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