Are males more scared of predators? Differential change in metabolic rate between males and females under predation risk

2017 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 110-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricio A. Lagos ◽  
Marie E. Herberstein
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Differential Change ◽  
Males And Females

scholarly journals Basal Metabolic Rate and Body Composition Predict Habitual Food and Macronutrient Intakes: Gender Differences

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyan Bi ◽  
Ciarán G. Forde ◽  
Ai Ting Goh ◽  
Christiani Jeyakumar Henry
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Dietary Record ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Relationship

The underlying mechanisms that regulate energy homeostasis and food intake are not fully understood. Moreover, little research has been performed on the relation of body composition with habitual macronutrient intake among free-living populations. Since body composition and energy metabolism differ between males and females, we aimed to determine whether the relationship between body composition and habitual macronutrient intakes is gender-dependent. In this cross-sectional study, 261 participants (99 males) were recruited from Singapore. Macronutrient intake was evaluated from a three-day self-reported dietary record. Body composition and basal metabolic rate (BMR) were determined by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and indirect calorimetry, respectively. Our results show that both BMR (p < 0.001) and lean body mass (LBM, p < 0.001) predicted daily energy intake (EI). LBM was positively associated with intakes of protein (PRO) and fat (FAT) in females, but not in males. This relationship persisted even after adjustment for fat mass (FM). On the other hand, no significant associations between FM and macronutrient intake were observed in both males and females. Therefore, the relationship between habitual macronutrient intake, LBM, and BMR is gender-dependent. Elucidating the gender differences in energy metabolism is important for understanding the factors that regulate energy homeostasis and can subsequently help better manage energy balance.

scholarly journals Impact of continuous predator threat on telomere dynamics in parent and nestling pied flycatchers

Oecologia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 191 (4) ◽  
pp. 757-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiia Kärkkäinen ◽  
Pauliina Teerikorpi ◽  
Bineet Panda ◽  
Samuli Helle ◽  
Antoine Stier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Telomere Maintenance ◽  
Stress Hormone ◽  
Ageing Rate ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Perceived Predation Risk ◽  
Telomere Dynamics ◽  
Predator Threat

Abstract In addition to direct mortality, predators can have indirect effects on prey populations by affecting prey behaviour or physiology. For example, predator presence can increase stress hormone levels, which can have physiological costs. Stress exposure accelerates the shortening of telomeres (i.e. the protective caps of chromosomes) and shorter telomeres have been linked to increased mortality risk. However, the effect of perceived predation risk on telomeres is not known. We investigated the effects of continuous predator threat (nesting Eurasian pygmy owl Glaucidium passerinum) on telomere dynamics of both adult and partially cross-fostered nestling pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) in the wild. Females nesting at owl-inhabited sites showed impaired telomere maintenance between incubation and chick rearing compared to controls, and both males and females ended up with shorter telomeres at owl-inhabited sites in the end of chick rearing. On the contrary, both original and cross-fostered chicks reared in owl sites had consistently longer telomeres during growth than chicks reared at control sites. Thus, predation risk may cause a long-term cost in terms of telomeres for parents but not for their offspring. Predators may therefore affect telomere dynamics of their preys, which could have implications for their ageing rate and consequently for population dynamics.

scholarly journals Ecophysiological and behavioural responses to salinity and temperature stress in cyclopoid copepod Oithona davisae with comments on gender differences

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEONID SVETLICHNY ◽  
ELENA HUBAREVA ◽  
MARCO UTTIERI
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Adaptive Strategy ◽  
Cyclopoid Copepod ◽  
Change Rate ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Oithona Davisae ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Autumn And Winter

The gender differences in reaction to salinity (3-50) and temperature (6-26°C) stress were studied in the thermophilic cyclopoid copepod Oithona davisae, introduced in the brackish temperate Black Sea since 2001. Both females and males possessed similar salinity tolerance ranges (6–40) irrespective of the salinity change rate, and females displayed a striking osmotic control upon sharp (18-40 and 40-18) salinity shocks. By contrast, the temperature response of males and females were different. Torpidity was recorded at a temperature below 10°C in males collected both in warm and cold seasons, as well as in summer-autumn females whilst in females grown up at the beginning of winter the locomotor parameters were high even at 6°С. The total metabolic rate of summer-autumn and winter females was determined by the level of basal metabolic rate and energy expenditures due to motor activity. In winter females that maintained high activity at low temperature, the total and basal metabolic rates, differing by 2.3 times at all temperatures within the range of 8–28°C, varied in accordance with the temperature coefficient Q10 of about 2, whereas in summer-autumn females at low temperatures total metabolic rate decreased to the basal level. The plasticity of both males and female to wide ranges in abiotic conditions provide an adaptive strategy to sustain the spreading of O. davisae in diverse environments.

Rhythms and Reproduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 472-502
Author(s):  
Stefan Dennenmoser ◽  
John H. Christy ◽  
Martin Thiel
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Operational Sex Ratio ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Broadcast Spawning ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Depth Gradients ◽  
Newly Hatched Larvae ◽  
Density Dependent Selection

Reproductive rhythms can be found in numerous crustacean species. This chapter reviews the temporal scales of rhythms and how these rhythms are entrained and maintained by external cues and endogenous clocks. The occurrence and synchrony of rhythms vary along latitudinal and depth gradients, which may depend on the availability of zeitgebers (e.g., temperature and photoperiod), changing selective pressures such as predation risk, and variability in larval development rates that affect the timing and synchrony of reproductive rhythms. Commonly observed rhythms are reproductive migrations and synchronized larval release, which are often timed to reduce predation risk for newly hatched larvae. In crustaceans, reproductive rhythms rarely evolve under pure density-dependent selection for synchrony. Pure density dependence is common in marine broadcast-spawning invertebrates like corals, which rely on accumulation of gametes in time and space to ensure fertilization. Instead, (density-independent) selection for synchrony with environmental cycles that track changes in factors affecting fitness such as energy expenditure, predation risk, or food availability seems to be the rule, although some exceptions may exist. In contrast to natural selection, the possible contribution of sexual selection on reproductive rhythms has rarely been considered. Selection for enhanced mating possibilities should favor reproductive synchrony, but deviations from synchrony will affect the operational sex ratio and influence sexual selection. Finally, the chapter discusses the possibility of sexual conflict over reproductive timing between males and females and explores circumstances under which synchronous reproductive rhythms might be abandoned.

scholarly journals Experimental evidence for the adaptive response of aquatic invertebrates to chronic predation risk

Oecologia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 192 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz Jermacz ◽  
Anna Nowakowska ◽  
Hanna Kletkiewicz ◽  
Jarosław Kobak
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Catalase Activity ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Short Exposure ◽  
Predator Pressure ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cellular Defence

AbstractAs acute stress induced by predation risk can generate significant oxidative damage, prey organisms are forced to balance their defence reaction and the cost of activating the cellular defence system. Stress tolerance differs significantly among species; therefore predator pressure indirectly shapes the community structure. To test adaptation abilities of amphipod crustaceans (Dikerogammarus villosus and Gammarus jazdzewskii) we exposed them to acute (35 min.) and chronic (1 or 7 days) predation risk (the Eurasian perch). We measured respiration (related to metabolic rate), cellular defence systems (antioxidant enzyme (catalase) activity and heat shock protein (Hsp70) concentration), and the level of oxidative damage (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentration). Both amphipods increased their respiration rate in the presence of predation cues, irrespective of the duration of their pre-exposure to danger. This increase in D. villosus was initiated more quickly (immediately vs. after 10 min. of the test) and lasted for a longer time (20 vs. 10 min.) than in G. jazdzewskii. However, only G. jazdzewskii after a short exposure to predation risk exhibited an increase in its catalase activity, Hsp70 concentration and oxidative damage. No changes in these parameters were exhibited by D. villosus or after a chronic exposure of G. jazdzewskii to predation cues. Our results show that prey organisms are able to reconfigure their physiology to maintain increased metabolic rate under prolonged predator pressure and, at the same time, reduce oxidative damage as well as costs related to anti-oxidant defence.

Some seasonal changes in Antechinus flavipes (Marsupialia : Dayuridae)

1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 523 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Inns
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Male Mortality ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Normal Males ◽  
Hormone System

Seasonal changes in some basic bioenergetic functions were investigated in the marsupial mouse A. flavipes by comparing normal males with females and castrated males. The activity and body weight of intact males increased to a peak in late June, at the same time metabolic rate increased. After the period of maximum testis development from late June to the end of July the activity of males declined, as did body weight and scrota1 width. The pelage of intact males also deteriorated, while the female and castrated males remained sleek and maintained weight. The metabolic rate of intact males also declined after the breeding season, whereas that of the castrated males remained constant. Despite a decline in body weight, intact males showed an increase in energy consumption in July which remained high in August and September; faecal energy loss was lower in September than July. Energy consumption in castrated males did not increase until September, faecal energy loss did not change during the year. The differences observed among intact males, castrated males and females suggests that the male sex hormone system influences the metabolic and hormonal changes associated with male mortality.

scholarly journals Basal Metabolic Rate and Its Determinants in Older Males and Females

2005 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiyoko Usui ◽  
Kaori Kaneko ◽  
Jun Oka ◽  
Izumi Tabata ◽  
Mitsuru Higuchi
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Older Males
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