Neuroendocrine and metabolic activities of ghrelin gene products

Peptides ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 2323-2332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Baragli ◽  
Fabio Lanfranco ◽  
Stefano Allasia ◽  
Riccarda Granata ◽  
Ezio Ghigo
Keyword(s):  
Gene Products ◽  
Ghrelin Gene ◽  
Metabolic Activities

scholarly journals Ghrelin gene products rescue cultured adult rat hippocampal neural stem cells from high glucose insult

2016 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sehee Kim ◽  
Chanyang Kim ◽  
Seungjoon Park
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
High Glucose ◽  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Growth Hormone Secretagogue ◽  
Phosphohistone H3 ◽  
Ghrelin Gene ◽  
Hippocampal Neural Stem Cells

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is decreased in type 2 diabetes, and this impairment appears to be important in cognitive dysfunction. Previous studies suggest that ghrelin gene products (acylated ghrelin (AG), unacylated ghrelin (UAG) and obestatin (OB)) promote neurogenesis. Therefore, we hypothesize that ghrelin gene products may reduce the harmful effects of high glucose (HG) on hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of these peptides on the survival of cultured hippocampal NSCs exposed to HG insult. Treatment of hippocampal NSCs with AG, UAG or OB inhibited HG-induced cell death and apoptosis. Exposure of cells to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a antagonist abolished the protective effects of AG against HG toxicity, whereas those of UAG or OB were preserved. All three peptides attenuated HG-induced decrease in BrdU-labeled and phosphohistone-H3-labeled cells. We also investigated the effects of ghrelin gene products on the regulation of apoptosis at the mitochondrial level. AG, UAG or OB rescued hippocampal NSCs from HG insult by inhibiting intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation and stabilizing mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In addition, cells treated with ghrelin gene products showed an increased Bcl-2 and decreased Bax levels, thereby increasing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, inhibiting cytochrome c release and preventing caspase-3 activation. Finally, AG-, UAG- or OB-mediated protection was dependent on the activities of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/uncoupling protein 2 pathway. Our data indicate that ghrelin gene products may act as survival factors that preserve mitochondrial function and inhibit oxidative stress-induced apoptosis.

Ghrelin Gene Products and the Regulation of Food Intake and Gut Motility

2009 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Yen Chen ◽  
Akihiro Asakawa ◽  
Mineko Fujimiya ◽  
Shou-Dong Lee ◽  
Akio Inui
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Gut Motility ◽  
Ghrelin Gene

At the Cutting Edge: Ghrelin Gene Products in Food Intake and Gut Motility

2008 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Yen Chen ◽  
Mineko Fujimiya ◽  
Akihiro Asakawa ◽  
Full-Young Chang ◽  
Juei-Tang Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Cutting Edge ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Gut Motility ◽  
Ghrelin Gene

The Yin and Yang of the Ghrelin Gene Products

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 292-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlisa Gibson ◽  
Marta Korbonits
Keyword(s):  
Gene Products ◽  
Ghrelin Gene ◽  
Yin And Yang

scholarly journals Ghrelin gene products, receptors, and GOAT enzyme: biological and pathophysiological insight

2013 ◽  
Vol 220 (1) ◽  
pp. R1-R24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel D Gahete ◽  
David Rincón-Fernández ◽  
Alicia Villa-Osaba ◽  
Daniel Hormaechea-Agulla ◽  
Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory System ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Acyl Transferase ◽  
Cognate Receptor ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Multiple Components ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Ghrelin Gene ◽  
Functional Complexity

Ghrelin is a 28-amino acid acylated hormone, highly expressed in the stomach, which binds to its cognate receptor (GHSR1a) to regulate a plethora of relevant biological processes, including food intake, energy balance, hormonal secretions, learning, inflammation, etc. However, ghrelin is, in fact, the most notorious component of a complex, intricate regulatory system comprised of a growing number of alternative peptides (e.g. obestatin, unacylated ghrelin, and In1-ghrelin, etc.), known (GHSRs) and, necessarily unknown receptors, as well as modifying enzymes (e.g. ghrelin-O-acyl-transferase), which interact among them as well as with other regulatory systems in order to tightly modulate key (patho)-physiological processes. This multiplicity of functions and versatility of the ghrelin system arise from a dual, genetic and functional, complexity. Importantly, a growing body of evidence suggests that dysregulation in some of the components of the ghrelin system can lead to or influence the development and/or progression of highly concerning pathologies such as endocrine-related tumors, inflammatory/cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegeneration, wherein these altered components could be used as diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic targets. In this context, the aim of this review is to integrate and comprehensively analyze the multiple components and functions of the ghrelin system described to date in order to define and understand its biological and (patho)-physiological significance.

Reduction of spermatogonia and testosterone in rat testes flown on space lab-3

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 248-249
Author(s):  
Delbert E. Philpott ◽  
W. Sapp ◽  
C. Williams ◽  
T. Fast ◽  
J. Stevenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Testicular Development ◽  
Organ Weights ◽  
Reproductive Maturation ◽  
Metabolic Activities

Space Lab 3 (SL-3) was flown on Shuttle Challenger providing an opportunity to measure the effect of spaceflight on rat testes. Cannon developed the idea that organisms react to unfavorable conditions with highly integrated metabolic activities. Selye summarized the manifestations of physiological response to nonspecific stress and he pointed out that atrophy of the gonads always occurred. Many papers have been published showing the effects of social interaction, crowding, peck order and confinement. Flickinger showed delayed testicular development in subordinate roosters influenced by group numbers, social rank and social status. Christian reported increasing population size in mice resulted in adrenal hypertrophy, inhibition of reproductive maturation and loss of reproductive function in adults. Sex organ weights also declined. Two male dogs were flown on Cosmos 110 for 22 days. Fedorova reported an increase of 30 to 70% atypical spermatozoa consisting of tail curling and/or the absence of a tail.

Identification of a baculovirus polyhedron formation mutant with a novel phenotype

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 796-797
Author(s):  
James M. Slavicek ◽  
Melissa J. Mercer ◽  
Mary Ellen Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Viral Gene ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Type Number ◽  
Infection Cycle ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Protein Matrix ◽  
Insect Midgut ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Budded Virus ◽  
Viral Form

Nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPV, family Baculoviridae) produce two morphological forms, a budded virus form and a viral form that is occluded into a paracrystalline protein matrix. This structure is termed a polyhedron and is composed primarily of the protein polyhedrin. Insects are infected by NPVs after ingestion of the polyhedron and release of the occluded virions through dissolution of the polyhedron in the alkaline environment of the insect midgut. Early after infection the budded virus form is produced. It buds through the plasma membrane and then infects other cells. Later in the infection cycle the occluded form of the virus is generated (reviewed by Blissard and Rohrmann, 1990).The processes of polyhedron formation and virion occlusion are likely to involve a number of viral gene products. However, only two genes, the polyhedrin gene and 25K FP gene, have been identified to date that are necessary for the wild type number of polyhedra to be formed and viral particles occluded.

New insights into heparan sulphate biosynthesis from the study of mutant mice

2002 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 47-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine L. R. Merry ◽  
John T. Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Heparan Sulphate ◽  
Mutant Mice ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Multiple Gene ◽  
Adhesion Proteins ◽  
Ligand Interactions

Heparan sulphate (HS) is an essential co-receptor for a number of growth factors, morphogens and adhesion proteins. The biosynthetic modifications involved in the generation of a mature HS chain may determine the strength and outcome of HS–ligand interactions. These modifications are catalysed by a complex family of enzymes, some of which occur as multiple gene products. Various mutant mice have now been generated, which lack the function of isolated components of the HS biosynthetic pathway. In this discussion, we outline the key findings of these studies, and use them to put into context our own work concerning the structure of the HS generated by the Hs2st-/- mice.

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