The dysregulated adipose tissue: A connecting link between insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. S35-S38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Murdolo ◽  
Ulf Smith
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Adipose Tissue

scholarly journals Effects of exercise training on inflammasome-related mediators and their associations to glucometabolic variables in patients with combined coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Sub-study of a randomized control trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 360-368
Author(s):  
Hani Zaidi ◽  
Rune Byrkjeland ◽  
Ida U Njerve ◽  
Sissel Åkra ◽  
Svein Solheim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Artery Disease

Background: Adipose tissue produces pro-inflammatory mediators involved in the atherosclerotic process. We investigated whether 12-month exercise training in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease would reduce circulating levels and genetic expression of mediators in the interleukin-18, Caspase-1 and NLR pyrin domain containing 3 pathways. Correlations to glucometabolic variables; fasting glucose, HbA1c, duration of diabetes, insulin, C-peptide, insulin resistance (measured by homeostatic model assessment indexes – insulin resistance) and body mass index at baseline were further assessed. Methods: 137 patients (aged 41–81 years, 17.2% female participants) were included and randomized to a 12-month exercise programme or to a control group. Fasting blood and adipose tissue samples were taken at inclusion and after 12 months. Results: No statistically significant difference in changes of any variable between the intervention and the control group was found. At baseline, a positive correlation between insulin and homeostatic model assessment indexes – insulin resistance, interleukin-18 expression in adipose tissue and an inverse correlation between some glucometabolic variables and leukocyte expression of NLR pyrin domain containing 3 and Caspase-1 were observed. Conclusion: No significant effects of long-term exercise training were observed on the inflammasome-related mediators in our patients with combined coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The observed correlations may indicate a pro-inflammatory state in adipose tissue by overweight and a compensatory downregulation of these mediators in circulating leucocytes.

scholarly journals Association of Serum Adipokines Levels with Glycemic Control and Metabolic Dyslipidemia in Sudanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halima Babiikir Eltahir ◽  
Elmahadi Mohamed Ali ◽  
Abdelrahim Osman Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
P Value

Abstract Background:The pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus is due to two major abnormalities including insulin resistance and dysfunction, which lead to the inability to regulate blood glucose level. Adiponectin is a hormone secreted by the adipose tissue and it takes part in glucose metabolism with insulin-sensitising properties. Low levels of adiponectin leads to reduction of fatty acid oxidation decreased glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells and increased level of free fatty acids leading to insulin resistance. Leptin is another adipokine produced by adipose tissue involved in the control of food intake via its action on the hypothalamus, suppressing appetite and stimulating energy expenditure. Leptin plays a critical role in pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus.The aim of the study was to investigate the association of serum adipokines levels with glycemic control and metabolic dyslipidemia in Sudanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods: This was a case control study. 202 patients with type 2 diabetes and 102 non-diabetic controls participated after signing written consent. Weight (kg) and height (m) were measured thenthe body mass index (kg/m2) was determined. Blood samples were collected after an overnight fasting. FBG, HbA1c and lipid profiles were measured using enzymatic methods. Adiponectin and leptin were measured using sandwich ELISA.Results: Adiponectin concentrations was significantly lower in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with the controls (p<0.001) and it was inversely correlated with HbA1c (Pearson Correlation -.160, P value = 0.005), total cholesterol and LDL levels (P = 0.05) and direct correlated HDL levels (P = 0.05). Leptin concentrations was significantly higher in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with the controls (p<0.002) and it was positively correlated with HbA1c (Pearson Correlation .155, P value = 0.02), total cholesterol and LDL levels (P = 0.05), there were no correlation with HDL and TG levels. Patients had significantly higher fasting blood glucose, HbA1c levels, total cholesterol and LDL levels compared with the controls. Conclusion: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus had decreased levels of serum adiponectin, high levels of serum leptin. There were significant correlations found between adiponectin and leptin levels with glycemic control and metabolic dyslipidemia

scholarly journals Fatty acid metabolism in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus

2003 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 753-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. Blaak
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Acid Uptake

Disturbances in pathways of lipolysis and fatty acid handling are of importance in the aetiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. There is evidence that a lowered catecholamine-mediated lipolytic response may play a role in the development and maintenance of increased adipose tissue stores. Increased adipose tissue stores, a disturbed insulin-mediated regulation of lipolysis and subnormal skeletal muscle non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) uptake under conditions of high lipolytic rate may increase circulating NEFA concentrations, which may promote insulin resistance and cardiovascular complications. In addition, a disturbance of NEFA uptake by adipose tissue postprandially is also a critical determinant of plasma NEFA concentration. Furthermore, evidence is increasing that insulin-resistant muscle is characterised by a lowered ability to oxidise fatty acids. A dysbalance between fatty acid uptake and fatty acid oxidation may in turn be a factor promoting accumulation of lipid intermediates and triacylglycerols within skeletal muscle, which is strongly associated with skeletal muscle insulin resistance. The present review describes the reported disturbances in pathways of lipolysis and skeletal muscle fatty acid handling, and discusses underlying mechanisms and metabolic consequences of these disturbances.

scholarly journals The joint effect of congenital hypothyroidism and hypercaloric diet consumption as triggers of type 2 diabetes mellitus

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Alberto Tapia-Martínez ◽  
Margarita Franco-Colín ◽  
Vanessa Blas-Valdivia ◽  
Edgar Cano-Europa
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Congenital Hypothyroidism ◽  
Hypercaloric Diet

Introduction Congenital hypothyroidism affects metabolic and thyroid programming, having a deleterious effect on bodyweight regulation promoting metabolic diseases. This work aimed to demonstrate the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) in animals with congenital hypothyroidism, only by the consumption of a mild hypercaloric diet in the extrauterine stage. Methods Two groups of female Wistar rats (n  = 9): euthyroid and hypothyroid were used. Hypothyroidism was induced by a thyroidectomy with parathyroid reimplantation. Male offsprings post-weaning were divided into four groups (n  = 10): euthyroid, hypothyroid, euthyroid + hypercaloric diet, and hypothyroid + hypercaloric diet. The hypercaloric diet consisted of ground commercial feed plus 20% lard and was administered until postnatal week 40. Bodyweight and energy intake were monitored weekly. Also, metabolic and hormonal markers related to cardiovascular risk, insulin resistance, and glucose tolerance were analyzed at week 40. Then, animals were sacrificed to perform the morphometric analysis of the pancreas and adipose tissue. Results T2D was developed in animals fed a hypercaloric diet denoted by the presence of central obesity, hyperphagia, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and hypertension, as well as changes in the cytoarchitecture of the pancreas and adipose tissue related to T2D. The results show that congenital hypothyroid animals had an increase in metabolic markers and an elevated cardiovascular risk. Conclusions Congenital hypothyroid animals develop T2D, having the highest metabolic disturbances and a worsened clinical prognosis than euthyroid animals.

scholarly journals Association of Serum Adipokines Levels with Glycemic Control and Metabolic Dyslipidemia in Sudanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halima Babiikir Eltahir ◽  
Elmahdi Mohamed Ali ◽  
Abdelrahim Osman Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
P Value

Abstract Background: The pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus is due to two major abnormalities including insulin resistance and dysfunction, which lead to the inability to regulate blood glucose level. Adiponectin is a hormone secreted by the adipose tissue and it takes part in glucose metabolism with insulin-sensitising properties. Low levels of adiponectin leads to reduction of fatty acid oxidation decreased glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells and increased level of free fatty acids leading to insulin resistance. Leptin is another adipokine produced by adipose tissue involved in the control of food intake via its action on the hypothalamus, suppressing appetite and stimulating energy expenditure. Leptin plays a critical role in pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus.The aim of the study was to investigate the association of serum adipokines levels with glycemic control and metabolic dyslipidemia in Sudanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods: This was a case control study. 202 patients with type 2 diabetes and 102 non-diabetic controls participated after signing written consent. Weight (kg) and height (m) were measured then the body mass index (kg/m2) was determined. Blood samples were collected after an overnight fasting. FBG, HbA1c and lipid profiles were measured using enzymatic methods. Adiponectin and leptin were measured using sandwich ELISA.Results: Adiponectin concentrations was significantly lower in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with the controls (p<0.001) and it was inversely correlated with HbA1c (Pearson Correlation -.160, P value = 0.005), total cholesterol and LDL levels (P = 0.05) and direct correlated HDL levels (P = 0.05). Leptin concentrations was significantly higher in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with the controls (p<0.002) and it was positively correlated with HbA1c (Pearson Correlation .155, P value = 0.02), total cholesterol and LDL levels (P = 0.05), there were no correlation with HDL and TG levels. Patients had significantly higher fasting blood glucose, HbA1c levels, total cholesterol and LDL levels compared with the controls.Conclusion: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus had decreased levels of serum adiponectin, high levels of serum leptin. There were significant correlations found between adiponectin and leptin levels with glycemic control and metabolic dyslipidemia .

Serum Myostatin is Upregulated in Obesity and Correlates with Insulin Resistance in Humans

2018 ◽  
Vol 127 (08) ◽  
pp. 550-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melina Amor ◽  
Bianca K. Itariu ◽  
Veronica Moreno-Viedma ◽  
Magdalena Keindl ◽  
Alexander Jürets ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Obese Group ◽  
Sensitivity Indices

AbstractObesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus have reached an epidemic level, thus novel treatment concepts need to be identified. Myostatin, a myokine known for restraining skeletal muscle growth, has been associated with the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Yet, little is known about the regulation of myostatin in human obesity and insulin resistance. We aimed to investigate the regulation of myostatin in obesity and uncover potential associations between myostatin, metabolic markers and insulin resistance/sensitivity indices. Circulating active myostatin concentration was measured in the serum of twenty-eight severely obese non-diabetic patients compared to a sex and age matched lean and overweight control group (n=22). Insulin resistance/sensitivity was assessed in the obese group. Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue specimens from the obese group were collected during elective bariatric surgery. Adipose tissue samples from lean and overweight subjects were collected during elective abdominal surgery. Myostatin concentration was increased in obese compared to lean individuals, while myostatin adipose tissue expression did not differ. Muscle myostatin gene expression strongly correlated with expression of metabolic genes such as IRS1, PGC1α, SREBF1. Circulating myostatin concentration correlated positively with insulin resistance indices and negatively with insulin sensitivity indices. The best correlation was obtained for the oral glucose insulin sensitivity index. Our results point to an interesting correlation between myostatin and insulin resistance/sensitivity in humans, and emphasize its need for further evaluation as a pharmacological target in the prevention and treatment of obesity-associated metabolic complications.

scholarly journals Obstructive sleep apnoea increases lipolysis and deteriorates glucose homeostasis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Minh Duc Trinh ◽  
Andrea Plihalova ◽  
Jan Gojda ◽  
Katerina Westlake ◽  
Jan Spicka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Lipolytic Effect ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Adipose Tissue Lipolysis

AbstractObstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, mechanisms mediating association between these two conditions remain unclear. This study investigated, whether the OSA-associated changes in adipose tissue lipolysis might contribute to impaired glucose homeostasis in patient with T2DM. Thirty-five matched subjects were recruited into three groups: T2DM + severe OSA (T2DM + OSA, n = 11), T2DM with mild/no OSA (T2DM, n = 10) and healthy controls (n = 14). Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue microdialysis assessed spontaneous, epinephrine- and isoprenaline-stimulated lipolysis. Glucose metabolism was assessed by intravenous glucose tolerance test. Spontaneous lipolysis was higher in the T2DM + OSA compared with the T2DM (60.34 ± 23.40 vs. 42.53 ± 10.16 μmol/L, p = 0.013), as well as epinephrine-stimulated lipolysis (236.84 ± 103.90 vs. 167.39 ± 52.17 µmol/L, p < 0.001). Isoprenaline-stimulated lipolysis was unaffected by the presence of OSA (p = 0.750). The α2 anti-lipolytic effect was decreased in T2DM + OSA by 59% and 315% compared with T2DM and controls (p = 0.045 and p = 0.007, respectively). The severity of OSA (AHI) was positively associated with spontaneous (p = 0.037) and epinephrine-stimulated (p = 0.026) lipolysis. The α2-adrenergic anti-lipolytic effect (p = 0.043) decreased with increasing AHI. Spontaneous lipolysis was positively associated with Insulin resistance (r = 0.50, p = 0.002). Epinephrine-stimulated lipolysis was negatively associated with the Disposition index (r =  − 0.34, p = 0.048). AHI was positively associated with Insulin resistance (p = 0.017) and negatively with the Disposition index (p = 0.038). Severe OSA in patients with T2DM increased adipose tissue lipolysis, probably due to inhibition of the α2-adrenergic anti-lipolytic effect. We suggest that dysregulated lipolysis might contribute to OSA-associated impairments in insulin secretion and sensitivity.

Growth Differentiation Factor-15 as a Biomarker of Obese Pre-diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Indian Subjects: A Case-control Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dipayan Roy ◽  
Purvi Purohit ◽  
Anupama Modi ◽  
Manoj Khokhar ◽  
Ravindra Kumar Gayaprasad Shukla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Growth Differentiation Factor 15 ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Differentiation Factor

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an ever-growing epidemic in India, and poses significant morbidity, mortality, and socioeconomic burden. Introduction: Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF15) is a stress-responsive cytokine, increased in T2DM patients compared to control subjects without the disease. We aimed to assess whether serum GDF15 and adipose tissue GDF15 expression can differentiate between obese pre-diabetes and T2DM and control populations. Methodology: We recruited 156 individuals including 73 type 2 diabetes, 30 pre-diabetes, and 53 healthy controls. Clinical history, anthropometric measurements and biochemical profiling were done. Insulin resistance indices were calculated following HOMA models. Serum GDF15 was measured by sandwich ELISA. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) expression of GDF15 was observed in 17 T2DM patients and 29 controls using SYBR Green chemistry in RT-PCR using GAPDH as housekeeping gene. The data were analyzed on R programming platform using RStudio. Results: Serum GDF15 was significantly higher (p<0.001) in T2DM subjects (median 1445.47 pg/mL) compared to prediabetes (627.85 pg/mL) and healthy controls (609.01 pg/mL). Using the ΔΔCt method, the VAT GDF15 expression was 1.54 fold and 1.57 fold upregulated in T2DM (n=17) compared to control subjects (n=29), and obese (n=12) compared to non-obese (n=34)subjects, respectively. The optimal cut-off point following the Youden’s index method was found to be 868.09 pg/mL. ROC curve analysis revealed that serum GDF15 had a sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) of 90.41%, 79.52%, and 0.892 respectively. GDF15 levels were significantly associated with age, BMI, HbA1c, fasting blood sugar, and insulin resistance indices. Conclusion: Hence, serum GDF15 is a biomarker for T2DM patients in our study population from Western India. However, larger prospective cohorts are necessary to validate this claim.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document