scholarly journals The role of the basal ganglia in learning and memory: Insight from Parkinson’s disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 624-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Foerde ◽  
Daphna Shohamy
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Learning And Memory

Involvement of Subcortical Structures in the Preparation of Self-Paced Movement

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (2/3) ◽  
pp. 130-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Paradiso ◽  
Danny Cunic ◽  
Robert Chen
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Movement Planning ◽  
Movement Preparation ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Postoperative Mri ◽  
Deep Brain

Abstract Although it has long been suggested that the basal ganglia and thalamus are involved in movement planning and preparation, there was little direct evidence in humans to support this hypothesis. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a well-established treatment for movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, tremor, and dystonia. In patients undergoing DBS surgery, we recorded simultaneously from scalp contacts and from electrodes surgically implanted in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) of 13 patients with Parkinson's disease and in the “cerebellar” thalamus of 5 patients with tremor. The aim of our studies was to assess the role of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop through the STN and the cerebello-thalamocortical circuit through the “cerebellar” thalamus in movement preparation. The patients were asked to perform self-paced wrist extension movements. All subjects showed a cortical readiness potential (RP) with onset ranging between 1.5 to 2s before the onset of movement. Subcortical RPs were recorded in 11 of 13 with electrodes in the STN and in 4 of 5 patients with electrodes in the thalamus. The onset time of the STN and thalamic RPs were not significantly different from the onset time of the scalp RP. The STN and thalamic RPs were present before both contralateral and ipsilateral hand movements. Postoperative MRI studies showed that contacts with maximum RP amplitude generally were inside the target nucleus. These findings indicate that both the basal ganglia and the cerebellar circuits participate in movement preparation in parallel with the cortex.

scholarly journals The role of the basal ganglia in implicit contextual learning: A study of Parkinson's disease

2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 1269-1273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marieke van Asselen ◽  
Inês Almeida ◽  
Rui Andre ◽  
Cristina Januário ◽  
António Freire Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Contextual Learning

The role of the basal ganglia in action imitation: neuropsychological evidence from Parkinson’s disease patients

2012 ◽  
Vol 224 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Bonivento ◽  
Raffaella I. Rumiati ◽  
Emanuele Biasutti ◽  
Glyn W. Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Action Imitation ◽  
Neuropsychological Evidence

Oscillations in the basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease: Role of the striatum

Basal Ganglia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 203-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariano Andrés Belluscio ◽  
Mariela Verónica Escande ◽  
Ettel Keifman ◽  
Luis Alberto Riquelme ◽  
Mario Gustavo Murer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Basal Ganglia

scholarly journals Insight Into the Emerging Role of Striatal Neurotransmitters in the Pathophysiology of Parkinson’s Disease and Huntington’s Disease: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumit Jamwal ◽  
Puneet Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Huntington's Disease ◽  
Huntington’S Disease ◽  
Neuronal Death ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Altered Level ◽  
Excitotoxic Neuronal Death

Alteration in neurotransmitters signaling in basal ganglia has been consistently shown to significantly contribute to the pathophysiological basis of Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter which plays a critical role in coordinated body movements. Alteration in the level of brain dopamine and receptor radically contributes to irregular movements, glutamate mediated excitotoxic neuronal death and further leads to imbalance in the levels of other neurotransmitters viz. GABA, adenosine, acetylcholine and endocannabinoids. This review is based upon the data from clinical and preclinical studies to characterize the role of various striatal neurotransmitters in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. Further, we have collected data of altered level of various neurotransmitters and their metabolites and receptor density in basal ganglia region. Although the exact mechanisms underlying neuropathology of movement disorders are not fully understood, but several mechanisms related to neurotransmitters alteration, excitotoxic neuronal death, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation are being put forward. Restoring neurotransmitters level and downstream signaling has been considered to be beneficial in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify more specific drugs and drug targets that can restore the altered neurotransmitters level in brain and prevent/delay neurodegeneration.

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