scholarly journals Two Brain Pathways Initiate Distinct Forward Walking Programs in Drosophila

Neuron ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-485.e8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salil S. Bidaye ◽  
Meghan Laturney ◽  
Amy K. Chang ◽  
Yuejiang Liu ◽  
Till Bockemühl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Pathways ◽  
Walking Programs

scholarly journals Two brain pathways initiate distinct forward walking programs in Drosophila

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salil S. Bidaye ◽  
Meghan Laturney ◽  
Amy K. Chang ◽  
Yuejiang Liu ◽  
Till Bockemühl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Velocity ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Descending Neurons ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Visual Projection ◽  
Brain Pathways ◽  
Walking Programs ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into

SummaryAn animal at rest or engaged in stationary behaviors can instantaneously initiate goal-directed walking. How descending brain inputs trigger rapid transitions from a non-walking state to an appropriate walking state is unclear. Here, we identify two specific neuronal classes in the Drosophila brain that drive two distinct forward walking programs in a context-specific manner. The first class, named P9, consists of descending neurons that drive forward walking with ipsilateral turning. P9 receives inputs from central courtship-promoting neurons and visual projection neurons and is necessary for a male to track a female during courtship. The second class comprises novel, higher order neurons, named BPN, that drives straight, forward walking. BPN is required for high velocity walking and is active during long, fast, straight walking bouts. Thus, this study reveals separate brain pathways for object-directed steering and fast straight walking, providing insight into how the brain initiates different walking programs.

Brain Pathways and Behavioral Responses to Weak Electric Fields in Parasitic Sea Lampreys (Petromyzon marinus).

2004 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Wen Chung-Davidson ◽  
Sang-Seon Yun ◽  
John Teeter ◽  
Weiming Li
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Sea Lampreys ◽  
Brain Pathways

Antipsychotic-induced supersensitivity – A reappraisal

2021 ◽  
pp. 000486742110256
Author(s):  
William Lugg
Keyword(s):  
Tardive Dyskinesia ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Antipsychotic Treatment ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Antipsychotic Therapy ◽  
Neurotransmitter Systems ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Treatment Refractory ◽  
Brain Pathways

Objectives: Tardive dyskinesia, psychotic relapse and treatment-refractory psychosis have long been associated. A common underlying mechanism involving antipsychotic-induced ‘supersensitivity’, albeit in different brain pathways, was proposed as early as 1978. This piece seeks to reappraise the concept and potential implications of antipsychotic-induced supersensitivity. Conclusions: Evidence increasingly suggests that chronic antipsychotic exposure induces neuroadaptive physiological changes in dopaminergic, and other, neurotransmitter systems that may render some individuals more vulnerable to psychotic relapse - including those receiving continuous antipsychotic treatment. It is possible that in treating every episode of psychosis with prolonged or indefinite antipsychotic therapy, we paradoxically increase the risk of psychotic relapse in a significant proportion of people. A greater appreciation of supersensitivity may allow us to optimise any potential benefits of antipsychotics while minimising the risk of inadvertent iatrogenic harms. More research is needed to improve our understanding of the underlying neurophysiology of supersensitivity and to better identify which individuals are most vulnerable to its development. It is time we paid more attention to the concept, emerging evidence and potential implications of antipsychotic-induced supersensitivity and, where appropriate, adjusted our practice accordingly.

Inter-Subject Variability in Ground Reaction Force - Walking Speed Relationship Is Related to Different Motion of the Center of Mass

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Boyer ◽  
Jonathan Rylander ◽  
Thomas Andriacchi ◽  
Gary Beaupre
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Variable Response ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Populations At Risk ◽  
Walking Programs

Walking programs provide an attractive intervention to address the preservation of bone mass in the aging population. Research suggests one in three women and one in five men over 50 will experience fractures due to osteoporosis [1,2]. Bone is a mechanically modulated tissue and thus, training programs that prescribe physical activities that dynamically load the skeleton through either muscle contractions (strength training) or locomotion (walking/running) would be expected to have a positive influence on bone mineral density (BMD) preservation. However, attempts to implement activity programs in populations at risk for developing osteoporosis to accrue or simply preserve bone mass have had limited success [3] due to a variable response between subjects. It has been suggested that the failure of these programs to significantly influence bone mass or density may be due to individual differences in the loads generated by the prescribed exercise regimes and/or the knowledge of specific types, intensities and volumes needed for effective osteogenic exercise. Walking, a simple, common activity, presents an interesting opportunity to examine the potential for individual differences in the style of walking to explain the variability in individual results to training programs designed to preserve bone density.

scholarly journals Connectome imaging for mapping human brain pathways

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 1230-1240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Shi ◽  
A W Toga
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Pathways

scholarly journals A three-dimensional thalamocortical dataset for characterizing brain heterogeneity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy A. Prasad ◽  
Aishwarya H. Balwani ◽  
Erik C. Johnson ◽  
Joseph D. Miano ◽  
Vandana Sampathkumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Neural Structure ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Anatomical Imaging ◽  
Brain Pathways ◽  
Critical Aspects

AbstractNeural cytoarchitecture is heterogeneous, varying both across and within brain regions. The consistent identification of regions of interest is one of the most critical aspects in examining neurocircuitry, as these structures serve as the vital landmarks with which to map brain pathways. Access to continuous, three-dimensional volumes that span multiple brain areas not only provides richer context for identifying such landmarks, but also enables a deeper probing of the microstructures within. Here, we describe a three-dimensional X-ray microtomography imaging dataset of a well-known and validated thalamocortical sample, encompassing a range of cortical and subcortical structures. In doing so, we provide the field with access to a micron-scale anatomical imaging dataset ideal for studying heterogeneity of neural structure.

scholarly journals Orbitofrontal-striatal potentiation underlies stimulant induced hyperactivity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastiano Bariselli ◽  
Nanami Miyazaki ◽  
Alexxai Kravitz
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
High Frequency Stimulation ◽  
Locomotor Sensitization ◽  
Real Time Monitoring ◽  
Frequency Stimulation ◽  
Brain Pathways ◽  
Dorsomedial Striatum ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractStimulants are one of the most widely prescribed classes of pharmaceuticals, but it is unclear which brain pathways underlie their therapeutic and adverse actions. Here, with real-time monitoring of circuit plasticity, we demonstrate that psychostimulants strengthen orbitofrontal (OFC) to dorsomedial striatum (DMS) pathway synapses, and increase striatal output in awake mice. In vivo high-frequency stimulation of OFC-DMS pathway blocked stimulant-induced potentiation and the expression of locomotor sensitization, thereby directly linking OFC-DMS plasticity to hyperactivity.

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