scholarly journals Direction Selectivity of Excitation and Inhibition in Simple Cells of the Cat Primary Visual Cortex

Neuron ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Priebe ◽  
David Ferster
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Direction Selectivity ◽  
Simple Cells

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Direction Selectivity in Cat Primary Visual Cortex as Revealed by Visual Adaptation

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 2615-2623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Priebe ◽  
Ilan Lampl ◽  
David Ferster
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Direction Selectivity ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
Null Direction ◽  
Simple Cells ◽  
Complex Cells

In contrast to neurons of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) are selective for the direction of visual motion. Cortical direction selectivity could emerge from the spatiotemporal configuration of inputs from thalamic cells, from intracortical inhibitory interactions, or from a combination of thalamic and intracortical interactions. To distinguish between these possibilities, we studied the effect of adaptation (prolonged visual stimulation) on the direction selectivity of intracellularly recorded cortical neurons. It is known that adaptation selectively reduces the responses of cortical neurons, while largely sparing the afferent LGN input. Adaptation can therefore be used as a tool to dissect the relative contribution of afferent and intracortical interactions to the generation of direction selectivity. In both simple and complex cells, adaptation caused a hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential (−2.5 mV, simple cells, −0.95 mV complex cells). In simple cells, adaptation in either direction only slightly reduced the visually evoked depolarization; this reduction was similar for preferred and null directions. In complex cells, adaptation strongly reduced visual responses in a direction-dependent manner: the reduction was largest when the stimulus direction matched that of the adapting motion. As a result, adaptation caused changes in the direction selectivity of complex cells: direction selectivity was reduced after preferred direction adaptation and increased after null direction adaptation. Because adaptation in the null direction enhanced direction selectivity rather than reduced it, it seems unlikely that inhibition from the null direction is the primary mechanism for creating direction selectivity.

scholarly journals Layer 4 in Primary Visual Cortex of the Awake Rabbit: Contrasting Properties of Simple Cells and Putative Feedforward Inhibitory Interneurons

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (28) ◽  
pp. 11372-11389 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Zhuang ◽  
C. R. Stoelzel ◽  
Y. Bereshpolova ◽  
J. M. Huff ◽  
X. Hei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Inhibitory Interneurons ◽  
Simple Cells ◽  
Layer 4

scholarly journals Temporo-nasally biased moving grating selectivity in mouse primary visual cortex

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Tolkiehn ◽  
Simon R. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Moving Objects ◽  
Direction Selectivity ◽  
Orientation Tuning ◽  
High Signal ◽  
Forward Movement ◽  
Upward Moving

AbstractOrientation tuning in mouse primary visual cortex (V1) has long been reported to have a random or “salt-and-pepper” organisation, lacking the structure found in cats and primates. Laminar in-vivo multi-electrode array recordings here reveal previously elusive structure in the representation of visual patterns in the mouse visual cortex, with temporo-nasally drifting gratings eliciting consistently highest neuronal responses across cortical layers and columns, whilst upward moving gratings reliably evoked the lowest activities. We suggest this bias in direction selectivity to be behaviourally relevant as objects moving into the visual field from the side or behind may pose a predatory threat to the mouse whereas upward moving objects do not. We found furthermore that direction preference and selectivity was affected by stimulus spatial frequency, and that spatial and directional tuning curves showed high signal correlations decreasing with distance between recording sites. In addition, we show that despite this bias in direction selectivity, it is possible to decode stimulus identity and that spatiotemporal features achieve higher accuracy in the decoding task whereas spike count or population counts are sufficient to decode spatial frequencies implying different encoding strategies.Significance statementWe show that temporo-nasally drifting gratings (i.e. opposite the normal visual flow during forward movement) reliably elicit the highest neural activity in mouse primary visual cortex, whereas upward moving gratings reliably evoke the lowest responses. This encoding may be highly behaviourally relevant, as objects approaching from the periphery may pose a threat (e.g. predators), whereas upward moving objects do not. This is a result at odds with the belief that mouse primary visual cortex is randomly organised. Further to this biased representation, we show that direction tuning depends on the underlying spatial frequency and that tuning preference is spatially correlated both across layers and columns and decreases with cortical distance, providing evidence for structural organisation in mouse primary visual cortex.

scholarly journals Pure tones modulate the representation of orientation and direction in the primary visual cortex

2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (6) ◽  
pp. 2202-2214 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. McClure ◽  
Pierre-Olivier Polack
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Direction Selectivity ◽  
Multimodal Integration ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
V1 Neurons ◽  
Pure Tones ◽  
The Impact

Multimodal sensory integration facilitates the generation of a unified and coherent perception of the environment. It is now well established that unimodal sensory perceptions, such as vision, are improved in multisensory contexts. Whereas multimodal integration is primarily performed by dedicated multisensory brain regions such as the association cortices or the superior colliculus, recent studies have shown that multisensory interactions also occur in primary sensory cortices. In particular, sounds were shown to modulate the responses of neurons located in layers 2/3 (L2/3) of the mouse primary visual cortex (V1). Yet, the net effect of sound modulation at the V1 population level remained unclear. In the present study, we performed two-photon calcium imaging in awake mice to compare the representation of the orientation and the direction of drifting gratings by V1 L2/3 neurons in unimodal (visual only) or multimodal (audiovisual) conditions. We found that sound modulation depended on the tuning properties (orientation and direction selectivity) and response amplitudes of V1 L2/3 neurons. Sounds potentiated the responses of neurons that were highly tuned to the cue’s orientation and direction but weakly active in the unimodal context, following the principle of inverse effectiveness of multimodal integration. Moreover, sound suppressed the responses of neurons untuned for the orientation and/or the direction of the visual cue. Altogether, sound modulation improved the representation of the orientation and direction of the visual stimulus in V1 L2/3. Namely, visual stimuli presented with auditory stimuli recruited a neuronal population better tuned to the visual stimulus orientation and direction than when presented alone. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The primary visual cortex (V1) receives direct inputs from the primary auditory cortex. Yet, the impact of sounds on visual processing in V1 remains controverted. We show that the modulation by pure tones of V1 visual responses depends on the orientation selectivity, direction selectivity, and response amplitudes of V1 neurons. Hence, audiovisual stimuli recruit a population of V1 neurons better tuned to the orientation and direction of the visual stimulus than unimodal visual stimuli.

scholarly journals Orientation Tuning, But Not Direction Selectivity, Is Invariant to Temporal Frequency in Primary Visual Cortex

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 1336-1345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartlett D. Moore ◽  
Henry J. Alitto ◽  
W. Martin Usrey
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Temporal Frequency ◽  
Direction Selectivity ◽  
Orientation Tuning ◽  
Orientation Contrast ◽  
Wide Range

The activity of neurons in primary visual cortex is influenced by the orientation, contrast, and temporal frequency of a visual stimulus. This raises the question of how these stimulus properties interact to shape neuronal responses. While past studies have shown that the bandwidth of orientation tuning is invariant to stimulus contrast, the influence of temporal frequency on orientation-tuning bandwidth is unknown. Here, we investigate the influence of temporal frequency on orientation tuning and direction selectivity in area 17 of ferret visual cortex. For both simple cells and complex cells, measures of orientation-tuning bandwidth (half-width at half-maximum response) are ∼20–25° across a wide range of temporal frequencies. Thus cortical neurons display temporal-frequency invariant orientation tuning. In contrast, direction selectivity is typically reduced, and occasionally reverses, at nonpreferred temporal frequencies. These results show that the mechanisms contributing to the generation of orientation tuning and direction selectivity are differentially affected by the temporal frequency of a visual stimulus and support the notion that stability of orientation tuning is an important aspect of visual processing.

Analysis of Direction Selectivity Arising from Recurrent Cortical Interactions

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Mineiro ◽  
David Zipser
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Direction Selectivity ◽  
Dynamical Model ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Model Based ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Neuroscience Community

The relative contributions of feedforward and recurrent connectivity to the direction-selective responses of cells in layer IVB of primary visual cortex are currently the subject of debate in the neuroscience community. Recently, biophysically detailed simulations have shown that realistic direction-selective responses can be achieved via recurrent cortical interactions between cells with nondirection-selective feedforward input (Suarez et al., 1995; Maex & Orban, 1996). Unfortunately these models, while desirable for detailed comparison with biology, are complex and thus difficult to analyze mathematically. In this article, a relatively simple cortical dynamical model is used to analyze the emergence of direction-selective responses via recurrent interactions. A comparison between a model based on our analysis and physiological data is presented. The approach also allows analysis of the recurrently propagated signal, revealing the predictive nature of the implementation.

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