scholarly journals From Association to Causality: the Role of the Gut Microbiota and Its Functional Products on Host Metabolism

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 584-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ara Koh ◽  
Fredrik Bäckhed
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Host Metabolism

scholarly journals Rett Syndrome and Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders Share Common Changes in Gut Microbial Community: A Descriptive Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Borghi ◽  
Aglaia Vignoli
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Rett Syndrome ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Dynamic Effects ◽  
Common Pathway ◽  
Gut Microbial Community ◽  
Host Metabolism

In this narrative review, we summarize recent pieces of evidence of the role of microbiota alterations in Rett syndrome (RTT). Neurological problems are prominent features of the syndrome, but the pathogenic mechanisms modulating its severity are still poorly understood. Gut microbiota was recently demonstrated to be altered both in animal models and humans with different neurodevelopmental disorders and/or epilepsy. By investigating gut microbiota in RTT cohorts, a less rich microbial community was identified which was associated with alterations of fecal microbial short-chain fatty acids. These changes were positively correlated with severe clinical outcomes. Indeed, microbial metabolites can play a crucial role both locally and systemically, having dynamic effects on host metabolism and gene expression in many organs. Similar alterations were found in patients with autism and down syndrome as well, suggesting a potential common pathway of gut microbiota involvement in neurodevelopmental disorders.

scholarly journals The Role of Gut Microbiota in Intestinal Inflammation with Respect to Diet and Extrinsic Stressors

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefani Lobionda ◽  
Panida Sittipo ◽  
Hyog Young Kwon ◽  
Yun Kyung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Host Metabolism ◽  
The Relationship

The gut microbiota maintains a symbiotic relationship with the host and regulates several important functions including host metabolism, immunity, and intestinal barrier function. Intestinal inflammation and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are commonly associated with dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. Alterations in the gut microbiota and associated changes in metabolites as well as disruptions in the intestinal barrier are evidence of the relationship between the gut microbiota and intestinal inflammation. Recent studies have found that many factors may alter the gut microbiota, with the effects of diet being commonly-studied. Extrinsic stressors, including environmental stressors, antibiotic exposure, sleep disturbance, physical activity, and psychological stress, may also play important roles in altering the composition of the gut microbiota. Herein, we discuss the roles of the gut microbiota in intestinal inflammation in relation to diet and other extrinsic stressors.

scholarly journals Hepatocellular Carcinoma Immunotherapy and the Potential Influence of Gut Microbiome

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7800
Author(s):  
Sally Temraz ◽  
Farah Nassar ◽  
Firas Kreidieh ◽  
Deborah Mukherji ◽  
Ali Shamseddine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Hepatic Carcinogenesis ◽  
Host Metabolism

Disruptions in the human gut microbiome have been associated with a cycle of hepatocyte injury and regeneration characteristic of chronic liver disease. Evidence suggests that the gut microbiota can promote the development of hepatocellular carcinoma through the persistence of this inflammation by inducing genetic and epigenetic changes leading to cancer. As the gut microbiome is known for its effect on host metabolism and immune response, it comes as no surprise that the gut microbiome may have a role in the response to therapeutic strategies such as immunotherapy and chemotherapy for liver cancer. Gut microbiota may influence the efficacy of immunotherapy by regulating the responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Here, we review the mechanisms by which gut microbiota influences hepatic carcinogenesis, the immune checkpoint inhibitors currently being used to treat hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as summarize the current findings to support the potential critical role of gut microbiome in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) immunotherapy.

scholarly journals Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Sarcopenia: The Role of Inflammation and Gut Microbiota in the Development of Muscle Failure

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Maria Nardone ◽  
Roberto de Sire ◽  
Valentina Petito ◽  
Anna Testa ◽  
Guido Villani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
And Function ◽  
Host Metabolism ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Sarcopenia represents a major health burden in industrialized country by reducing substantially the quality of life. Indeed, it is characterized by a progressive and generalized loss of muscle mass and function, leading to an increased risk of adverse outcomes and hospitalizations. Several factors are involved in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia, such as aging, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and insulin resistance. Recently, it has been reported that more than one third of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients suffered from sarcopenia. Notably, the role of gut microbiota (GM) in developing muscle failure in IBD patient is a matter of increasing interest. It has been hypothesized that gut dysbiosis, that typically characterizes IBD, might alter the immune response and host metabolism, promoting a low-grade inflammation status able to up-regulate several molecular pathways related to sarcopenia. Therefore, we aim to describe the basis of IBD-related sarcopenia and provide the rationale for new potential therapeutic targets that may regulate the gut-muscle axis in IBD patients.

scholarly journals Gut microbiota in cardiovascular disease and heart failure

2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Kitai ◽  
W.H. Wilson Tang
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Metabolic Potential ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Host Metabolism

Accumulating evidence supports a relationship between the complexity and diversity of the gut microbiota and host diseases. In addition to alterations in the gut microbial composition, the metabolic potential of gut microbiota has been identified as a contributing factor in the development of diseases. Recent technological developments of molecular and biochemical analyses enable us to detect and characterize the gut microbiota via assessment and classification of its genomes and corresponding metabolites. These advances have provided emerging data supporting the role of gut microbiota in various physiological activities including host metabolism, neurological development, energy homeostasis, and immune regulation. Although few human studies have looked into the causative associations and underlying pathophysiology of the gut microbiota and host disease, a growing body of preclinical and clinical evidence supports the theory that the gut microbiota and its metabolites have the potential to be a novel therapeutic and preventative target for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. In this review, we highlight the interplay between the gut microbiota and its metabolites, and the development and progression of hypertension, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease.

Gut microbiome-mediated epigenetic regulation of brain disorder and application of machine learning for multi-omics data analysis

Genome ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Harpreet Kaur ◽  
Yuvraj Singh ◽  
Surjeet Singh ◽  
Raja B. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Epigenetic Regulation ◽  
Omics Data ◽  
Brain Disorder ◽  
Deacetylase Inhibitor ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Host Metabolism

The gut–brain axis (GBA) is a biochemical link that connects the central nervous system (CNS) and enteric nervous system (ENS). Clinical and experimental evidence suggests gut microbiota as a key regulator of the GBA. Microbes living in the gut not only interact locally with intestinal cells and the ENS but have also been found to modulate the CNS through neuroendocrine and metabolic pathways. Studies have also explored the involvement of gut microbiota dysbiosis in depression, anxiety, autism, stroke, and pathophysiology of other neurodegenerative diseases. Recent reports suggest that microbe-derived metabolites can influence host metabolism by acting as epigenetic regulators. Butyrate, an intestinal bacterial metabolite, is a known histone deacetylase inhibitor that has shown to improve learning and memory in animal models. Due to high disease variability amongst the population, a multi-omics approach that utilizes artificial intelligence and machine learning to analyze and integrate omics data is necessary to better understand the role of the GBA in pathogenesis of neurological disorders, to generate predictive models, and to develop precise and personalized therapeutics. This review examines our current understanding of epigenetic regulation of the GBA and proposes a framework to integrate multi-omics data for prediction, prevention, and development of precision health approaches to treat brain disorders.

scholarly journals A Review of the Role of Gut microbiome in Obesity

2020 ◽  
Vol 218 ◽  
pp. 03010
Author(s):  
Muxin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Excessive Weight Gain ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
Intestinal Microbial Community ◽  
Excessive Weight ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Host Metabolism

Obesity has become a global epidemic during the last several years. In addition to genes, lifestyle, socioeconomic status, and other factors that mainly give rise to obesity, gut microbiome recently has aroused great concern for its pivotal role in obesity and host metabolism. A great number of studies have done to uncover the inner associations between gut microbiota and obesity. Among the commonly reported findings, the phylum of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes are highly related to excessive weight gain, with a higher ratio of F/B in obese subjects. In this review, we summarized some important studies focusing on the alteration and possible role of different bacterial taxa affecting obesity. We also discussed the diet effect on intestinal microbial community and potential molecular mechanisms of energy metabolism involved by gut microbiota.

scholarly journals Tissue-wide metabolomics reveals wide impact of gut microbiota on mice metabolite composition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iman Zarei ◽  
Ville M. Koistinen ◽  
Marietta Kokla ◽  
Anton Klåvus ◽  
Ambrin Farizah Babu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Beneficial Impact ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Specific Tissue ◽  
Host Metabolism ◽  
Different Tissues

The essential role of gut microbiota in health and disease is well-recognized, but the biochemical details underling beneficial impact remain largely undefined. Dysbiosis of gut bacteria results in the alteration of certain microbial and host metabolites, and identifying these markers could enhance the early detection of certain diseases. We report LC-MS based non-targeted metabolic profiling to demonstrate a large effect of gut microbiota on mammalian tissue metabolites. It was hypothesized that gut microbiota influences the overall biochemistry of the host metabolome and this effect is tissue-specific. Thirteen different tissues from germ-free and conventional mice were selected and their metabolic differences were analyzed. Our study demonstrated a large effect of the microbiome on mammalian biochemistry at different tissue levels and resulted in significant modulation of metabolites from multiple metabolic pathway (p ≤ 0.05). A vast metabolic response of host to metabolites generated by the microbiota was observed, Hundreds of molecular features were detected exclusively in one mouse group, with the majority of these being unique to specific tissue, suggesting direct impact gut microbiota on host metabolism.

scholarly journals The Dynamic Interplay between the Gut Microbiota and Autoimmune Diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huihui Xu ◽  
Meijie Liu ◽  
Jinfeng Cao ◽  
Xiaoya Li ◽  
Danping Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Treatment Optimization ◽  
Commensal Microbiota ◽  
Aryl Hydrocarbon ◽  
Host Metabolism ◽  
Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis ◽  
Dynamic Interplay

The human gut-resident commensal microbiota is a unique ecosystem associated with various bodily functions, especially immunity. Gut microbiota dysbiosis plays a crucial role in autoimmune disease pathogenesis as well as in bowel-related diseases. However, the role of the gut microbiota, which causes or influences systemic immunity in autoimmune diseases, remains elusive. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a ligand-activated transcription factor, is a master moderator of host-microbiota interactions because it shapes the immune system and impacts host metabolism. In addition, treatment optimization while minimizing potential adverse effects in autoimmune diseases remains essential, and modulation of the gut microbiota constitutes a potential clinical therapy. Here, we present evidence linking gut microbiota dysbiosis with autoimmune mechanisms involved in disease development to identify future effective approaches based on the gut microbiota for preventing autoimmune diseases.

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