The ultrarapid delayed rectifier current ( I K,ur) plays a significant role in human atrial repolarization and is generally believed to show little rate dependence because of slow and partial inactivation. This study was designed to evaluate in detail the properties and consequences of I K,urinactivation in isolated human atrial myocytes. I K,ur inactivated with a biexponential time course and a half-inactivation voltage of −7.5 ± 0.6 mV (mean ± SE), with complete inactivation during 50-s pulses to voltages positive to +10 mV (37°C). Recovery from inactivation proceeded slowly, with time constants of 0.42 ± 0.06 and 7.9 ± 0.9 s at −80 mV (37°C). Substantial frequency dependence was observed at 37°C over a clinically relevant range of frequencies. Inactivation was faster and occurred at more positive voltages at 37°C compared with room temperature. The voltage and time dependencies of Kv1.5 inactivation were studied in Xenopus oocytes to avoid overlapping currents and strongly resembled those of I K,ur in native myocytes. We conclude that, while I K,urinactivation is slow, it is extensive, and slow recovery from inactivation confers important frequency dependence with significant consequences for understanding the role of I K,ur in human atrial repolarization.
Effects of diltiazem and nifedipine on transient outward and ultra-rapid delayed rectifier potassium currents in human atrial myocytes