A comparison of model predictive control and PID temperature control in friction stir welding

The steam temperature control is important to Ultra-supercritical (USC) unit for safe and efficient operation under load tracking. In this paper, a model predictive control (MPC) method is introduced for reheated steam temperature control of USC unit. Two inputs (i.e. damper, spray attemperator) are employed to control two outputs (i.e. primary reheater outlet temperature and finish reheater outlet temperature). Step response models of the reheater temperature are achieved using the two inputs by two outputs model. In simulation, the reheated steam temperature can be controlled around the setpoint closely in load tracking. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

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Depth and Temperature Control During Friction Stir Welding of 5 cm Thick Copper Canisters

The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series - Friction Stir Welding and Processing IX ◽

10.1007/978-3-319-52383-5_24 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 249-260

Author(s):

Lars Cederqvist ◽

Olof Garpinger ◽

Isak Nielsen

Keyword(s):

Friction Stir Welding ◽

Temperature Control ◽

Friction Stir

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Closed-Loop Temperature Control of Material Plasticisation during Friction Stir Welding

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1019.120 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1019 ◽

pp. 120-125

Author(s):

D.G. Hattingh ◽

Theo I. van Niekerk ◽

Raymond Pothier

Keyword(s):

Friction Stir Welding ◽

Temperature Control ◽

Closed Loop ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Industrial Process ◽

Traverse Speed ◽

Feedback Signal ◽

Monitoring And Control ◽

Friction Stir ◽

Tool Geometries

This research presents the potential for improved joint integrity of friction stir welding by controlling the plasticisation temperature in the weld nugget. During a typical FSW, temperature fluctuates with position along the length of the weld. Working from a basis that for all material and tool geometries, there is an Optimal Plasticisation Temperature (OPT), this paper provides a strategy for maintaining this optimal weld temperature by adjusting selected weld input parameters ensuring consistent joint quality, irrespective of component geometry or clamp configuration. This proposed methodology can also be used to determine the OPT for different FSW tool geometries and material combinations. Advanced monitoring and control strategies are essential to ensure that FSW can be made a more robust industrial process that can keep pace with the modern demand for more consistent production and reliability of welded structures. The potential lies in the possibility for an operator to now select an OPT point for a specific approved welding program and allow the welding platform to maintain the OPT via closed-loop temperature control which adjusts tool rotation and or tool traverse speed. This paper further reports on the potential of integration of a closed-loop temperature control algorithm for FSW. The system measures the temperature inside the FSW tool using thermocouple sensors (creating the feedback signal). The controller then applies a PID algorithm which in turn drives the spindle speed (and if necessary, tool traverse speed) in order to change the energy input rate to the weld for controlling plasticisation temperature.

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