Effects of a stretching protocol for the pectoralis minor on muscle length, function, and scapular kinematics in individuals with and without shoulder pain

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dayana P. Rosa ◽  
John D. Borstad ◽  
Lívia S. Pogetti ◽  
Paula R. Camargo
Keyword(s):  
Shoulder Pain ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Length Function ◽  
Scapular Kinematics ◽  
Pectoralis Minor

scholarly journals Risk Factors Associated With Shoulder Pain and Disability Across the Lifespan of Competitive Swimmers

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Tate ◽  
Gregory N. Turner ◽  
Sarah E. Knab ◽  
Colbie Jorgensen ◽  
Andrew Strittmatter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Shoulder Pain ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Scapular Dyskinesis ◽  
Shoulder Injuries ◽  
Shoulder Injury ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pectoralis Minor ◽  
Competitive Swimmers

Context: The prevalence of shoulder pain among competitive swimmers is high, but no guidelines exist to reduce shoulder injuries. Elucidating differences between swimmers with and without shoulder pain can serve as a basis for the development of a program to prevent shoulder injury that might lead to pain and dysfunction. Objective: To determine whether physical characteristics, exposure, or training variables differ between swimmers with and without shoulder pain or disability. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Multisite swimming centers. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 236 competitive female swimmers aged 8 to 77 years. Data Collection and Analysis: Participants completed the Penn Shoulder Score and underwent testing of core endurance, range of motion, muscle force production, and pectoralis minor muscle length and the Scapular Dyskinesis Test. Swimmers were grouped by age for analysis: ages 8 to 11 years (n = 42), 12 to 14 years (n = 43), 15 to 19 years (high school, n = 84), and 23 to 77 years (masters, n = 67). Comparisons were made between groups with and without pain and disability using independent t tests for continuous data and χ2 analyses and Fisher exact tests for categorical data. Results: Nine (21.4%) swimmers aged 8 to 11 years, 8 (18.6%) swimmers aged 12 to 14 years, 19 (22.6%) high school swimmers, and 13 (19.4%) masters swimmers had shoulder pain and disability. Differences that were found in 2 or more age groups between athletes with and without shoulder pain and disability included greater swimming exposure, a higher incidence of previous traumatic injury and patient-rated shoulder instability, and reduced participation in another sport in the symptomatic groups (P < .05). Reduced shoulder flexion motion, weakness of the middle trapezius and internal rotation, shorter pectoralis minor and latissimus, participation in water polo, and decreased core endurance were found in symptomatic females in single varying age groups (P < .05). Conclusions: Female competitive swimmers have shoulder pain and disability throughout their lives. Given that exposure and physical examination findings varied between athletes with and without substantial pain and disability, a program to prevent shoulder injury that might lead to pain and dysfunction appears warranted and might include exposure reduction, cross-training, pectoral and posterior shoulder stretching, strengthening, and core endurance training.

scholarly journals Influence of Pectoralis Minor Muscle and Upper Trapez Muscle Tightness in Scapular Dyskinesis

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (11_suppl3) ◽  
pp. 2325967114S0014
Author(s):  
Sevgi Sevi Yeşilyaprak ◽  
Ertuğrul Yüksel ◽  
Serpil Kalkan
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Frozen Shoulder ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Scapular Dyskinesis ◽  
Scapular Kinematics ◽  
Pectoralis Minor ◽  
Muscle Tightness ◽  
Scapular Dyskinesia ◽  
Pectoralis Minor Muscle ◽  
Minor Muscle

Objectives: Alterations in scapular kinematics were found in individuals with shoulder problems compared with healthy individuals. These alterations in scapular kinematics such as changes in the normal position or any abnormal motion of the scapula during active motions are defined as “’Scapular Dyskinesis (SD)”. Relationship between tight muscles and scapular kinematics has been investigated. Pectoralis Minor Muscle Tightness (PMMT) effects scapular motion and make changes in scapular kinematics. Although there are some studies indicating a possible relationship between PMM or Upper Trapezius Muscle Tightness (UTMT) and SD, this relationship hasn’t been investigated yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of PMMT and UTMT on SD in an asymptomatic population. Methods: One-hundred-eleven participants (mean age: 22.73±3.45 years old, 222 arms, 42 Female-69 Male) were recruited. Subjects were eligible if they were ≥18 years of age, having active full shoulder motion and who has no health problem to hinder them from participate. Individuals with symptoms produced by cervical spine motion, impingement syndrome, frozen shoulder, shoulder instability and a history of shoulder fracture/surgery were excluded. Scapular Dyskinesis Test (SDT) was used to identify SD. PMMT was determined by Pectoralis Minor Index (PMI), UTMT by UTMT Test. Logistic regression analysis performed to ascertain the effects of PMMT and UTMT on the likelihood that participants have SD. Results: SD was identified in 62 arms (27.9%), PMMT in 32 arms (14.4%), and UTMT in 75 arms (33.8%) in total number of participants. PMMT was determined in 23 arms (37.1%) and UTMT in 39 arms (62.9%) in participants with SD. The logistic regression model was statistically significant, X2=65.472, p<.000, df= 2. The model explained 36.8% (Nagelkerke R2) of the variance in SD and correctly classified 78.4% of cases. The Wald criterion demonstrated that both PMMT and UTMT made a significant contribution to prediction (p<0.000 for PMMT, p<0.000 for PMMT). People who have PMMT were 13.76 times more likely to exhibit SD than people who haven’t. People who have UTMT were 7.59 times more likely to exhibit SD than people who haven’t. Conclusion: It was determined that people with PMMT and UTMT are more likely to exhibit SD than people who have normal muscle length in this asymptomatic population. Assessment of PMMT and UTMT could be included as a routine part of the scapula and scapular dyskinesia examination. This investigation should be repeated in symptomatic population who has shoulder problems. The effects of various interventions for lengthening these muscles in scapular dyskinesia, needs further research.

scholarly journals A Cross-Sectional Study Examining Shoulder Pain and Disability in Division I Female Swimmers

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shana Harrington ◽  
Corinne Meisel ◽  
Angela Tate
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Shoulder Pain ◽  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Division I ◽  
Competitive Swimming ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽  
Pectoralis Minor ◽  
Pain Subscale

Context:The prevalence of shoulder pain in the competitive swimming population has been reported to be as high as 91%. Female collegiate swimmers have a reported shoulder-injury rate 3 times greater than their male counterparts. There has been little information on how to best prevent shoulder pain in this population. The purpose of this study was to examine if differences exist in shoulder range of motion, upper-extremity strength, core endurance, and pectoralis minor length in NCAA Division I female swimmers with and without shoulder pain and disability.Methods:NCAA Division I females (N = 37) currently swimming completed a brief survey that included the pain subscale of the Penn Shoulder Score (PSS) and the sports/performing arts module of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) Outcome Measure. Passive range of motion for shoulder internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) at 90° abduction was measured using a digital inclinometer. Strength was measured using a handheld dynamometer for scapular depression and adduction, scapular adduction, IR, and ER. Core endurance was assessed using the side-bridge and prone-bridge tests. Pectoralis minor muscle length was assessed in both a resting and a stretched position using the PALM palpation meter. All measures were taken on the dominant and nondominant arms.Results:Participants were classified as positive for pain and disability if the following 2 criteria were met: The DASH sports module score was >6/20 points and the PSS strenuous pain score was ≥4/10. If these criteria were not met, participants were classified as negative for pain and disability. Significant differences were found between the 2 groups on the dominant side for pectoralis muscle length at rest (P = .003) and stretch (P = .029).Conclusions:The results provide preliminary evidence regarding an association between a decrease in pectoralis minor length and shoulder pain and disability in Division I female swimmers.

scholarly journals Is there Relationship between Pectoralis Minor Muscle Length and Shoulder Rotator Muscles Strength?

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-165
Author(s):  
Tuğba Kocahan ◽  
Bihter Akınoğlu ◽  
Çağlar Soylu ◽  
Özge Çoban ◽  
Necmiye Ün Yıldırım
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Length ◽  
Pectoralis Minor ◽  
Pectoralis Minor Muscle ◽  
Minor Muscle

Measurement of Pectoralis Minor Muscle Length in Women Diagnosed With Breast Cancer: Reliability, Validity, and Clinical Application

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-437
Author(s):  
Shana E Harrington ◽  
Julie Hoffman ◽  
Dimitrios Katsavelis
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Motion Capture ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Motion Capture System ◽  
Unaffected Side ◽  
Pectoralis Minor ◽  
Affected Side ◽  
Pectoralis Minor Muscle ◽  
Minor Muscle

Abstract Background Decreased pectoralis minor muscle length is common after primary breast cancer treatment and can result in an abnormal position of the scapula. This position can contribute to shoulder pain and pathomechanics and can lead to problems such as impingement syndrome, rotator cuff tears, and frozen shoulder. Currently, there are limited reliable methods for measuring pectoralis minor length. Objective The objective of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of measuring pectoralis minor length in women diagnosed with breast cancer. Design This was a cross-sectional reliability and validity study. Methods Bilateral pectoralis minor length (in centimeters) was assessed using a palpation meter in women (N = 29) diagnosed with breast cancer by 2 licensed physical therapists who were masked to the measures. Bilateral pectoralis minor length was also measured using a motion capture system to assess validity. Results Intratester reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC [3,k] = 0.971; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.939–0.986; standard error of measurement [SEM] = 0.16 cm) and intertester reliability (ICC[3,k] = 0.915; 95% CI = 0.81–0.962; SEM = 0.31 cm) were excellent for the palpation meter on the affected side and the unaffected side (intratester reliability: ICC[3,k] = 0.951; 95% CI = 0.897–0.977; SEM = 0.19 cm; intertester reliability: ICC[3,k] = 0.945; 95% CI = 0.877–0.975; SEM = 0.22 cm). Significant correlations were found between the motion capture system and the palpation meter on the affected side (r = 0.87) and the unaffected side (r = 0.81). Bland-Altman plots between the palpation meter and the motion capture system demonstrated that all the measures fell within the limits of agreement. Limitations This study encountered possible errors with the accuracy of the motion capture system tracking because of the proximity of the markers and inherent volumetric restrictions. Conclusions The palpation meter is a reliable, valid, easily administered, and cost-effective tool for assessing pectoralis minor length in women with breast cancer.

scholarly journals Swimming as Treatment of Scapular Dyskinesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Rogerio Freitas Ramos ◽  
Yonder Archanjo Ching San Junior ◽  
Leonardo Antunes Bellot de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Shoulder Pain ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Functional Recovery ◽  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Scapular Dyskinesis ◽  
Long Thoracic Nerve ◽  
Muscle Imbalance ◽  
Pectoralis Minor ◽  
Experienced Pain

Scapular dyskinesis is quite frequent and can lead to shoulder pain. The diagnosis is essentially clinical. The main cause is muscle imbalance, between the trapezius, rhomboids, and pectoralis minor. In these cases, rehabilitation is the best treatment. We present a case of a young male patient with dyskinesis due to axonal involvement of the long thoracic nerve and paresis of the anterior serratus muscle. After a swimming program to increase muscular strength and imbalance, he experienced pain reduction and functional recovery of the upper limb, with reduction of the winged scapula.

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