scholarly journals Diversity in Labrador Inuit sled dog diets: Insights from δ13C and δ15N analysis of dog bone and dentine collagen

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 102424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison J.T. Harris ◽  
Deirdre A. Elliott ◽  
Eric J. Guiry ◽  
Matthew Von Tersch ◽  
Lisa Rankin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Δ13c And Δ15n ◽  
Dog Bone ◽  
Sled Dog ◽  
Labrador Inuit

Disentangling the role of shared ancestry and the environment on leaf stable isotopes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko J. Spasojevic ◽  
Sören Weber1
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Δ13c And Δ15n ◽  
Environmental Controls ◽  
Shared Ancestry

Stable carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) isotopes in plants are important indicators of plant water use efficiency and N acquisition strategies. While often regarded as being under environmental control, there is growing evidence that evolutionary history may also shape variation in stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) among plant species. Here we examined patterns of foliar δ13C and δ15N in alpine tundra for 59 species in 20 plant families. To assess the importance of environmental controls and evolutionary history, we examined if average δ13C and δ15N predictably differed among habitat types, if individual species exhibited intraspecific trait variation (ITV) in δ13C and δ15N, and if there were a significant phylogenetic signal in δ13C and δ15N. We found that variation among habitat types in both δ13C and δ15N mirrored well-known patterns of water and nitrogen limitation. Conversely, we also found that 40% of species exhibited no ITV in δ13C and 35% of species exhibited no ITV in δ15N, suggesting that some species are under stronger evolutionary control. However, we only found a modest signal of phylogenetic conservatism in δ13C and no phylogenetic signal in δ15N suggesting that shared ancestry is a weaker driver of tundra wide variation in stable isotopes. Together, our results suggest that both evolutionary history and local environmental conditions play a role in determining variation in δ13C and δ15N and that considering both factors can help with interpreting isotope patterns in nature and with predicting which species may be able to respond to rapidly changing environmental conditions.

THE AFFECT OF LAND USE CHANGE ON STABLE ISOTOPE (δ13C AND δ15N) VALUES IN CONNECTICUT WETLANDS DURING THE HOLOCENE

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin T. McManimon ◽  
◽  
David P. Gillikin ◽  
William B. Ouimet ◽  
Michael T. Hren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Δ13c And Δ15n ◽  
The Holocene

scholarly journals Thermoplastic Blends Based on Poly(Butylene Succinate-co-Adipate) and Different Collagen Hydrolysates from Tanning Industry—II: Aerobic Biodegradation in Composting Medium

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Altieri ◽  
Maurizia Seggiani ◽  
Alessandro Esposito ◽  
Patrizia Cinelli ◽  
Vitale Stanzione
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Aerobic Biodegradation ◽  
Lepidium Sativum ◽  
Biodegradation Rate ◽  
Butylene Succinate ◽  
Dog Bone ◽  
Thermoplastic Blends ◽  
Collagen Hydrolysates ◽  
By Products ◽  
Tanning Industry

AbstractTwo different raw hydrolyzed collagens (HCs), by-products of the Tannery industry, were investigated in blends with a bioplastic, as poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA), for the production of thermoplastic items for possible applications in agriculture. Chemical characterization of selected PBSA/HC blends and phytotoxicity assays on garden cress seeds (Lepidium sativum L.), used as spy species, were carried out; in addition, biodegradation and disintegration of specimens were assessed under controlled composting conditions at different temperature (58 and 25 °C). Although one of the HC investigated released sodium chloride in the aqueous extract, all PBSA/HC blends, up to 20 wt.% HC, resulted no-phytotoxic and showed considerable amounts of macro- and micro- nutrients for plants (mainly nitrogen). Regardless the amount added, HCs enhanced the biodegradation rate of PBSA/HC blends in compost at 58 °C compared to pure PBSA; lowering the temperature at 25 °C, as expected, biodegradation rate slightly lowered using the same compost. Most disintegration tests, performed on dog bone samples, corroborated the results of the biodegradation tests, thus suggesting that plastic mixtures could reasonably end their life cycle in a composting facility without decreasing the quality and the safety of the resulting compost. The outcomes achieved encourage the use of raw collagen hydrolysates from tanning industry in the production of PBSA-based thermoplastic blends to produce compostable items (mulching films and/or plant pots) for more sustainable uses in agriculture and/or plant nurseries. In addition, the use of these low-cost by-products can lower the cost of final product and give it fertilizing properties for plants given the presence of organic nitrogen in the hydrolysates.

scholarly journals Cultivation of the Acidophilic Microalgae Galdieria phlegrea with Wastewater: Process Yields

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2291
Author(s):  
Maria Rosa di Cicco ◽  
Maria Palmieri ◽  
Simona Altieri ◽  
Claudia Ciniglia ◽  
Carmine Lubritto
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Total Lipid Content ◽  
Phosphate Removal ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Δ13c And Δ15n ◽  
Metabolic Versatility ◽  
Working Volume ◽  
Isotopic Analyses ◽  
Consistent Performance

Algal based wastewater treatment offers the opportunity to recover, in the form of biomass, the nutrients and internal chemical energy of wastewater. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of extremophilic microalgae, as they can easily adapt to difficult and often pollutant-rich environments. The thermo-acidophilic microalga Galdieria phlegrea is a species of recent discovery and great metabolic versatility, but it has still been poorly studied. Here, G. phlegrea was cultivated using raw municipal wastewater in 1 L Erlenmeyer flasks with 700 mL working volume at 37 °C for up to nine days. During the cultivation phase, biomass growth, phycocyanin content, ammonium and phosphate removal from the wastewater, lipid fraction, total carbon and nitrogen in the biomass, and variation in δ13C and δ15N isotopic ratios (a novel analytical contribution in these experiments) were monitored. Results indicated that G. phlegrea was able to grow in raw effluent, where it removed more than 50% ammonium and 20% phosphate in 24 h; total lipid content was in the range of 11–22%, while average C-N content was of 45% and 6%, respectively; isotopic analyses proved to be a useful support in identifying C and N metabolic pathways from effluent to biomass. Overall, G. phlegrea showed consistent performance with similar Cyanidiophyceae and is a potentially viable candidate for municipal wastewater valorization from a circular economy perspective.

Stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) in black coral as new proxies for environmental record

2021 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 112007
Author(s):  
Dan Wu ◽  
Fenfen Zhang ◽  
Xiaodi Zhang ◽  
Xiubao Li ◽  
Hui Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Δ13c And Δ15n ◽  
Black Coral

scholarly journals Isotopic Niche Segregation among Darwin’s Finches on Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Mariana Villegas ◽  
Catherine Soos ◽  
Gustavo Jiménez-Uzcátegui ◽  
Shukri Matan ◽  
Keith A. Hobson
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Isotopic Niche ◽  
Museum Specimens ◽  
Santa Cruz Island ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Δ13c And Δ15n ◽  
Darwin's Finches ◽  
Darwin’S Finches ◽  
Foraging Guilds

Darwin’s finches are a classic example of adaptive radiation involving differential use of dietary resources among sympatric species. Here, we apply stable isotope (δ13C, δ15N, and δ2H) analyses of feathers to examine ecological segregation among eight Darwin’s finch species in Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos collected from live birds and museum specimens (1962–2019). We found that δ13C values were higher for the granivorous and herbivorous foraging guilds, and lower for the insectivorous finches. Values of δ15N were similar among foraging guilds but values of δ2H were higher for insectivores, followed by granivores, and lowest for herbivores. The herbivorous guild generally occupied the largest isotopic standard ellipse areas for all isotopic combinations and the insectivorous guild the smallest. Values of δ2H provided better trophic discrimination than those of δ15N possibly due to confounding influences of agricultural inputs of nitrogen. Segregation among guilds was enhanced by portraying guilds in three-dimensional isotope (δ13C, δ15N, and δ2H) space. Values of δ13C and δ15N were higher for feathers of museum specimens than for live birds. We provide evidence that Darwin’s finches on Santa Cruz Island tend to be generalists with overlapping isotopic niches and suggest that dietary overlap may also be more considerable than previously thought.

scholarly journals Diversity and Diet Differences of Small Mammals in Commensal Habitats

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 346
Author(s):  
Linas Balčiauskas ◽  
Laima Balčiauskienė ◽  
Andrius Garbaras ◽  
Vitalijus Stirkė
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Small Mammal ◽  
Trophic Ecology ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Additional Food ◽  
Δ13c And Δ15n ◽  
Degree Of Separation ◽  
Kitchen Gardens ◽  
Dietary Plasticity ◽  
The Stability

The stability of diversity of syntopic (inhabiting the same habitat in the same time) small mammals in commensal habitats, such as farmsteads and kitchen gardens, and, as a proxy of their diet, their isotopic niches, was investigated in Lithuania in 2019–2020. We tested whether the separation of species corresponds to the trophic guilds, whether their diets are related to possibilities of getting additional food from humans, and whether their diets are subject to seasonal trends. We analyzed diversity, dominance and distribution of hair δ13C and δ15N values. Diversity and dominance was not stable and differed according to human influence. The highest small mammal species richness occurred in commensal habitats that provided additional food. The degree of separation of species was higher in homestead habitats than in kitchen gardens, where a 1.27 to 35.97% overlap of isotopic niches was observed between pairs of species. Temporal changes in δ13C and δ15N values in the hair of the mammals were not equally expressed in different species. The isotopic overlap may depend on dietary plasticity, minimizing interspecific competition and allowing co-existence of syntopic species. Thus, small mammal trophic ecology is likely related to intensity of agricultural activities in the limited space of commensal habitats.

scholarly journals Energy and Eco-Impact Evaluation of Fused Deposition Modeling and Injection Molding of Polylactic Acid

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1875
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Ugo Enemuoh ◽  
Venkata Gireesh Menta ◽  
Abdulaziz Abutunis ◽  
Sean O’Brien ◽  
Labiba Imtiaz Kaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Injection Molding ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Plastic Injection Molding ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Dog Bone ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
Plastic Injection

There is limited knowledge about energy and carbon emission performance comparison between additive fused deposition modeling (FDM) and consolidation plastic injection molding (PIM) forming techniques, despite their recent high industrial applications such as tools and fixtures. In this study, developed empirical models focus on the production phase of the polylactic acid (PLA) thermoplastic polyester life cycle while using FDM and PIM processes to produce American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D638 Type IV dog bone samples to compare their energy consumption and eco-impact. It was established that energy consumption by the FDM layer creation phase dominated the filament extrusion and PLA pellet production phases, with, overwhelmingly, 99% of the total energy consumption in the three production phases combined. During FDM PLA production, about 95.5% of energy consumption was seen during actual FDM part building. This means that the FDM process parameters such as infill percentage, layer thickness, and printing speed can be optimized to significantly improve the energy consumption of the FDM process. Furthermore, plastic injection molding consumed about 38.2% less energy and produced less carbon emissions per one kilogram of PLA formed parts compared to the FDM process. The developed functional unit measurement models can be employed in setting sustainable manufacturing goals for PLA production.

scholarly journals On the Post-Processing of 3D-Printed ABS Parts

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1559
Author(s):  
Mohammad Reza Khosravani ◽  
Jonas Schüürmann ◽  
Filippo Berto ◽  
Tamara Reinicke
Keyword(s):  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Fracture Load ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Dog Bone ◽  
3D Printed

Application of Additive Manufacturing (AM) has significantly increased in the past few years. AM also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing has been currently used in fabrication of prototypes and end-use products. Considering the new applications of additively manufactured components, it is necessary to study structural details of these parts. In the current study, influence of a post-processing on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed parts has been investigated. To this aim, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) material was used to produce test coupons based on the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) process. More in deep, a device was designed and fabricated to fix imperfection and provide smooth surfaces on the 3D-printed ABS specimens. Later, original and treated specimens were subjected to a series of tensile loads, three-point bending tests, and water absorption tests. The experimental tests indicated fracture load in untreated dog-bone shaped specimen was 2026.1 N which was decreased to 1951.7 N after surface treatment. Moreover, the performed surface treatment was lead and decrease in tensile strength from 29.37 MPa to 26.25 MPa. Comparison of the results confirmed effects of the surface modification on the fracture toughness of the examined semi-circular bending components. Moreover, a 3D laser microscope was used for visual investigation of the specimens. The documented results are beneficial for next designs and optimization of finishing processes.

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