scholarly journals The influence of parents, older siblings, and non-parental care on infant development at nine months of age

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 546-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Cruise ◽  
Dermot O’Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
Older Siblings

Infant Development and Parental Care in Free-Ranging Aotus azarai azarai in Argentina

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1459-1473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Rotundo ◽  
Eduardo Fernandez-Duque ◽  
Alan F. Dixson
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
Free Ranging

Fathers have higher motivation for parenting than mothers in common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Behaviour ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 148 (11-13) ◽  
pp. 1199-1214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsuko Saito ◽  
Akihiro Izumi ◽  
Katsuki Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Maternal Behaviour ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Older Brothers ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Level Of Motivation ◽  
Older Siblings

Abstract Parental care is necessary for infant mammals to survive because they are born immaturely. In rodents, the retrieval of pups has been used to evaluate the motivation for maternal behaviour. Common marmosets are cooperative breeders and their parental or alloparental behaviour has been evaluated on the basis of the frequency of carrying infants in a family group. However, under such a situation, the amount of time spent on carrying did not directly reflect the level of motivation for parental or alloparental behaviour because of interference by other family members. To directly evaluate the motivation for such behaviour in common marmosets, animals should be tested where each subject is separated from other family members. Although some groups have applied an infant-retrieval test in which an infant is presented to the subject to evaluate the motivation of each marmoset, there are no studies in which retrieval behaviour is compared among family members. We adopted the infant-retrieval test to compare the motivation for parental or alloparental behaviour among family members: 8 fathers, 8 mothers, 14 older brothers and 9 older sisters. We measured the time from the infant presentation to the retrieval of the infant by each subject as the index of the motivation. We conducted the test when the infant age was 1–8 days old. All the fathers invariably retrieved their infants promptly, but some mothers did not. This variation of responsiveness of mothers was partially explained by the amount of their experience of having their own infants. There was a tendency that inexperienced mothers took a longer time to retrieve infants than experienced ones. Older siblings took a significantly longer time to retrieve infants than fathers during the first few days, but their latency became the same as that of parents in the 8-day test period. Our present findings indicate that the motivation for retrieving infants differs between mothers and fathers. Fathers' motivation is invariably high whereas mothers' is more variable, and that parental and alloparental behaviour may change depending on experience.

Infant development and parental care in two species of sifakas

Primates ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bettina Grieser
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Infant Development

Social behavior of a marmoset (Saguinus fuscicollis) group I: Parental care and infant development

Primates ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 715-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry L. Vogt ◽  
Harold Carlson ◽  
Emil Menzel
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
Saguinus Fuscicollis ◽  
Group I

Facet Theory

1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Guttman ◽  
Charles W. Greenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
Facet Theory ◽  
Structural Relationships ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Spatial Configurations ◽  
Multidimensional Methods ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Scalogram Analysis

This article gives an overview of Facet Theory, a systematic approach to facilitating theory construction, research design, and data analysis for complex studies, that is particularly appropriate to the behavioral and social sciences. Facet Theory is based on (1) a definitional framework for a universe of observations in the area of study; (2) empirical structures of observations within this framework; (3) a search for correspondence between the definitional system and aspects of the empirical structure for the observations. The development of Facet Theory and Facet Design is reviewed from early scale analysis and the Guttman Scale, leading to the concepts of “mapping sentence,” “universe of content,” “common range,” “content facets,” and nonmetric multidimensional methods of data analysis. In Facet Theory, the definition of the behavioral domain provides a rationale for hypothesizing structural relationships among variables employed in a study. Examples are presented from various areas of research (intelligence, infant development, animal behavior, etc.) to illustrate the methods and results of structural analysis with Smallest Space Analysis (SSA), Multidimensional Scalogram Analysis (MSA), and Partial Order Scalogram Analysis (POSA). The “radex” and “cylindrex” of intelligence tests are shown to be outstanding examples of predicted spatial configurations that have demonstrated the ubiquitous emergence of the same empirical structures in different studies. Further examples are given from studies of spatial abilities, infant development, animal behavior, and others. The use of Facet Theory, with careful construction of theory and design, is shown to provide new insights into existing data; it allows for the diagnosis and discrimination of behavioral traits and makes the generalizability and replication of findings possible, which in turn makes possible the discovery of lawfulness. Achievements, issues, and future challenges of Facet Theory are discussed.

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