scholarly journals Quantitative 10–50 kHz X-ray radiography of liquid spray distributions using a rotating-anode tube source

2018 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. 123-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.R. Halls ◽  
J.R. Gord ◽  
L.E. Schultz ◽  
W.C. Slowman ◽  
M.D.A. Lightfoot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
X Ray ◽  
Liquid Spray ◽  
Anode Tube

Characterization of a sub-micron liquid spray for laser-plasma x-ray generation

1998 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 3780-3788 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Mountford ◽  
R. A. Smith ◽  
M. H. R. Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Laser Plasma ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Liquid Spray

A Comparison of Shadowgraphy and X-Ray Computed Tomography in Liquid Spray Analysis

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Lee ◽  
Daniel Eichner ◽  
Jonathan Tennis ◽  
Matthew Ryan ◽  
Tyler Sowell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Distribution ◽  
Cone Angle ◽  
Spray Cone Angle ◽  
Spray Cone ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Liquid Spray ◽  
X Ray Computed ◽  
X Ray Absorption ◽  
Insight Into

This work examines and compares two proven techniques for assessing key characteristics of liquid sprays for combustion applications: shadowgraphy and time-averaged X-ray computed tomography (CT). Atomization has key applications in combustion as it can improve fuel efficiency, increase heat release, and decrease pollutant emissions. To improve the design of fuel injection nozzles, the ability to conduct accurate analyses of sprays is crucial. Key characteristics of the liquid spray, such as mean particle diameter, spray-cone angle, mass distribution, and penetration length give insight into the effectiveness of a nozzle. Shadowgraphy is a relatively inexpensive method that produces a two-dimensional, instantaneous image of the spray particles or spray called a shadowgram. Shadowgrams can be used for analyzing mean particle size, spray-cone angle, and location of breakup regions. X-ray CT measures the time-averaged X-ray absorption of two-dimensional projection images of spray to produce a three-dimensional reconstruction of the spray. X-ray CT can provide valuable insight into the symmetry and mass distribution of a spray; however, X-ray absorption diminishes rapidly with increased distance from nozzles, thereby limiting analysis to the regions near the nozzle. A detailed comparison of the overall effectiveness and insights yielded by the two methods illustrates the unique uses, benefits, and shortcomings of each method. The results confirm that X-ray CT scanning proves more effective in the dense, near-nozzle spray region. Shadowgraphy effectively complements the X-ray CT analysis through particle analysis. It also allows for relatively simple spray cone analysis, though it cannot provide quantitative mass distribution analysis.

Synthesis and Characterization of Small Grain Sized Molybdenum Nitride Films

1996 ◽  
Vol 457 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Roberson ◽  
D. Finello ◽  
R. F. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Molybdenum Oxides ◽  
Molybdenum Nitride ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Liquid Spray ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Highly Porous ◽  
Calculated Average

ABSTRACTPolycrystalline, small grain sized, 15 μm thick MoxN (x=1 or 2) films, void of detectable concentrations of molybdenum oxides, have been prepared on 50 μm thick nitrided Ti substrates via conversion of precursor MoO3 films in a programmed reaction with NH3. The latter films were produced via liquid spray pyrolysis of an MoCl5/methanol mixture in air at 500° C. The reaction of MoO3 films with NH3 resulted in a two-phase MoxN mixture consisting of γ-Mo2N and δ-MoN. The change in density of MoO3(ρ=4.69 g/cm3) to γ-MoN (ρ=9.50 g/cm3) and δ-MoN (ρ=9.05 g/cm3) produced grains with a calculated average size of 10 nm without losing adherence to the substrate. The composition of the MoxN films was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) to be ∼ 60% γ-Mo2N and 40% δ-MoN. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the surface morphology of the MoxN films to be highly porous.

Texturing of Magnetite Forming during Long-Term Operation of a Pipeline of 10CrMo9-10 Steel

2013 ◽  
Vol 203-204 ◽  
pp. 121-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Gwoździk ◽  
Zygmunt Nitkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Oxide Surface ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Radiation Beam ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Magnetite Layer ◽  
Anode Tube

The paper presents results of X-ray measurements of the texture of a magnetite (Fe3O4) layer formed on 10CrMo9-10 steel during 100,000 hours operation at the temperature of 575°C (in a flowing medium environment). The formed oxide layer was ≈140µm thick. Measurements of texturing were performed on the oxide surface and also at the depth of ≈50µm from the surface (1st polishing) and ≈100µm (2nd polishing). X-ray studies were carried out using the radiation of a cobalt anode tube, λCo=0.17902nm, for (311) and (400) Fe3O4 reflections, using a radiation beam collimated to φ=2mm. The study was aimed at determination of correlation between the texturing and the structure on the magnetite layer cross-section. A clear texturing of {111} and {111} type for the magnetite in the initial state and after the second polishing was found. Instead, after the first polishing there was a substantial texturing of {034} and {015} type. A different nature of the texture may result from a diversified morphology of magnetite at various depths (caused inter alia by a differentiated temperature on the tube wall cross-section during the material operation), which is related among other things to the crystallites size. The magnetite structure and texture changes can affect the magnetite porosity and cleavage.

scholarly journals 4D spatiotemporal evolution of liquid spray using kilohertz-rate x-ray computed tomography

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (20) ◽  
pp. 5013 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Halls ◽  
N. Rahman ◽  
M. N. Slipchenko ◽  
J. W. James ◽  
A. McMaster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Spatiotemporal Evolution ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Liquid Spray ◽  
X Ray Computed

TXRF Spectrometer for Trace Element Detection

1989 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 581-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Hegedüs ◽  
P. Winkler ◽  
P. Wobrauschek ◽  
Christina Streli
Keyword(s):  
Detection Limit ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Simultaneous Measurement ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Operational Mode ◽  
Total Reflectance ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Anode Tube ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Collimated Beam

A method to measure low level iodine concentrations by means of a Total Reflectance X-Ray Spectrometer (TXRF) was presented at the 1986 and 1988 Denver X-Ray Conferences (Ref. 1 and 2.). The optimum set-up of the spectrometer for this purpose was obtained by using a Cu-anode tube. The collimated beam was two times totally reflected: first on the mirror and then on the synsil sample substrate. By these means the undesired high energy bremsstrahlung was almost eliminated. This operational mode is very convenient for iodine measurement by L-lines. The detection limit of iodine was as low as 100 pg.For simultaneous measurement of several elements (I2<Z<83) it was necessary to change the set-up of the spectrometer.

Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes on Zeolite Substrate of Type ZSM-5

2010 ◽  
Vol 636-637 ◽  
pp. 722-728
Author(s):  
K. Kordatos ◽  
A. Ntziouni ◽  
S. Trasobares ◽  
V. Kasselouri-Rigopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Spray Pyrolysis ◽  
Differential Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Liquid Spray ◽  
Synthesis Of Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Scanning Electron

The present work deals with the synthesis of carbon nanotube-zeolite composites using as method the catalytic liquid spray pyrolysis. The nanotubes were formed after pyrolysis of toluene on the surface of a zeolite of type ZSM-5, which was used as a catalytic substrate. ZSM-5 zeolite was synthesized using the autoclave process and full characterized. Prior to the pyrolyses, the catalytic substrates were produced by mixing a certain amount of zeolite with a solution of Fe(NO3)3•9H2O of specific concentration. The obtained materials from the spray pyrolysis were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetry-differential analysis (TG-DTA).

Space and Time Distribution of Hard X-Ray Emission in a Loop at the Beginning of a Flare

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 275-277
Author(s):  
M. Karlický ◽  
J. C. Hénoux
Keyword(s):  
Time Distribution ◽  
Electron Bombardment ◽  
Spatial Evolution ◽  
Superthermal Electrons ◽  
Flare Loop ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Superthermal Electron ◽  
Flare Loops ◽  
Chromospheric Evaporation ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

AbstractUsing a new ID hybrid model of the electron bombardment in flare loops, we study not only the evolution of densities, plasma velocities and temperatures in the loop, but also the temporal and spatial evolution of hard X-ray emission. In the present paper a continuous bombardment by electrons isotropically accelerated at the top of flare loop with a power-law injection distribution function is considered. The computations include the effects of the return-current that reduces significantly the depth of the chromospheric layer which is evaporated. The present modelling is made with superthermal electron parameters corresponding to the classical resistivity regime for an input energy flux of superthermal electrons of 109erg cm−2s−1. It was found that due to the electron bombardment the two chromospheric evaporation waves are generated at both feet of the loop and they propagate up to the top, where they collide and cause temporary density and hard X-ray enhancements.

Some Problems in Understanding the Solar Corona

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
A. H. Gabriel
Keyword(s):  
Solar Corona ◽  
Solar Atmosphere ◽  
Theoretical Modelling ◽  
Total System ◽  
Major Advance ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Proper Perspective ◽  
Space Observations

The development of the physics of the solar atmosphere during the last 50 years has been greatly influenced by the increasing capability of observations made from space. Access to images and spectra of the hotter plasma in the UV, XUV and X-ray regions provided a major advance over the few coronal forbidden lines seen in the visible and enabled the cooler chromospheric and photospheric plasma to be seen in its proper perspective, as part of a total system. In this way space observations have stimulated new and important advances, not only in space but also in ground-based observations and theoretical modelling, so that today we find a well-balanced harmony between the three techniques.

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