Long‐term, low‐level adolescent nicotine exposure produces dose‐dependent changes in cocaine sensitivity and reward in adult mice

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 339-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian M. Kelley ◽  
James D. Rowan
Keyword(s):  
Nicotine Exposure ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Dose Dependent

41. Diffusion Badges as a Long-Term, Low-Level Method of Ambient Air Analysis

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Parker ◽  
S. Rose-Pehrsson ◽  
D. Kidwell
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Air ◽  
Air Analysis ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Level Method

Long-Term Unemployment in Poland in 2008-2012 - Tendencies, Structure and Selected Determinants

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-359
Author(s):  
Leszek Kucharski
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Education ◽  
Young People ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Increased Risk

This study presents the structure and tendencies in long-term unemployment in Poland in the years 2008-2012. This study identifies the groups of people with an increased risk of long-term unemployment. The analyses produced the following conclusions. The groups with the highest risk of long-term unemployment include: singles, people aged of 55 and above and people with a low level of education. Young people with university and general secondary education faced the lowest risk of long-term unemployment. 

СОХРАНЕНИЕ ПРИВЕРЖЕННОСТИ К ТЕРАПИИ КАК ГАРАНТИЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ СЛИТ

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.S. Pavlova ◽  
D.S. Mdinaradze
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Atopic Asthma ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Allergen Specific Immunotherapy ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Methods Of Treatment ◽  
Choice Of Therapy ◽  
Dose Dependent Effect ◽  
Reduced Adherence

По данным ВОЗ, рекомендации врача выполняют не более 50 пациентов. В конечном итоге это приводит к снижению или отсутствию эффекта от назначаемого лечения. В связи с этим во всех последних международных и национальных руководствах говорится о необходимости учета предпочтений пациента при выборе терапии. Аллерген-специфическая иммунотерапия (АСИТ) является одним из основных методов лечения аллергических заболеваний, таких как аллергический ринит, конъюнктивит и атопическая бронхиальная астма, обладает болезнь-модифицирующими свойствами и долгосрочным эффектом после окончания лечения. АСИТ относится к профилактическому и продолжительному методу (рекомендовано на протяжении не менее 3 лет), что часто является причиной снижения приверженности к терапии. В различных исследованиях подтвержден зависимый от дозы аллергена эффект АСИТ, а следовательно, изменение режимов или сокращение сроков терапии могут влиять на конечный результат. При недостаточной эффективности АСИТ необходимо в первую очередь рассматривать вероятность низкого комплаенса. Сублингвальная АСИТ (СЛИТ) требует от пациента высокой вовлеченности в процесс лечения. Задачей врача в данном случае становится повышение терапевтического сотрудничества как одного из важнейших факторов обеспечения эффективности СЛИТ. Основными способами в данном случае являются улучшение понимания пациентом цели терапии и регулярный контроль со стороны врача.According to WHO at last 50 of the patient dont follow doctors recommendations. Ultimately, this leads to a decrease or absence of the treatment effect. In this regard, all the latest international and national guidelines mention the need to take into account the patients preferences in the choice of therapy. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is one of the main methods of treatment of allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis and atopic asthma, and has disease modifying properties and the long-term efficacy after stop treatment. AIT refers to a preventive and long-term method (recommended for at least 3 years), that is often the cause of reduced adherence to therapy. Various studies have confirmed the dose-dependent effect of AIT, and, consequently, changes in regimens or shortening of therapy may affect the end result. In case of insufficient effectiveness of AIT, the probability of low compliance should be considered first of all. Sublingual AIT (SLIT) requires the patient to be highly involved in the treatment process. The task of the doctor in this case is increasing therapeutic cooperation, as one of the most important factors to ensure the effectiveness of SLIT. The main methods in this case are to improve the patients understanding of the purpose of the therapy and regular monitoring by the doctor.

Evaluation of the Laxative activity of Saponin Enriched Hydroethanolic Pericarp extract of Sapindus emarginatus in Animal models

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lalitha Vivekanandan ◽  
Roxanne Gekonge Mandere ◽  
Sivakumar Thangavel
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Triterpene Saponins ◽  
Laxative Effect ◽  
Saponin Content ◽  
The Family ◽  
Dose Dependent Increase ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Efficacious Drug

Background: Constipation is a common, predominant, chronic gastrointestinal functional disorder. The drugs available to treat constipation are limited because of their side effects in long term use. So we need of efficacious drug to treat constipation. Sapindus emarginatus Vahl belongs to the family Sapindaceae, commonly known as soapnut. Traditionally used for the antipruritic, antifertility, constipation, and anti-inflammatory agents. Objective: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the laxative activity of hydroethanolic pericarp extract of Sapindus emarginatus (HESE) in animal models. Methods: The saponin content in extract was measured by gravimetric analysis. The laxative activity of hydroethanolic pericarp extract of Sapindus emarginatus is evaluated by the weight of feces matter, charcoal meal hyperperistalsis test, and loperamide induced constipation model. Results: The saponin content of the soapnut pericarp was 13.48 % and the extract was found to be 11.92 %. The results obtained from these models showed a significant dose-dependent increase in fecal weight, peristalsis index, and moisture content compared to control animals. Conclusion: The present study concluded that the oral administration of HESE showed a significant laxative activity by using different animal models. The presence of triterpene saponins is responsible for this activity. Further studies are needed to confirm their mechanism behind the laxative effect. The administration of extract was found to be a valid candidate in constipation therapy.

Case Evidence: Conflict Trajectories in Indonesia, Ivory Coast, and Syria

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Tir ◽  
Johannes Karreth
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Ivory Coast ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
East Timor ◽  
Intergovernmental Organizations ◽  
Crisis Resolution ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Qualitative Evidence ◽  
The Government

Two low-level armed conflicts, Indonesia’s East Timor and Ivory Coast’s post-2010 election crises, provide detailed qualitative evidence of highly structured intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) engaging in effective civil warpreventing activities in member-states. Highly structured IGOs threatened and sanctioned each of these states and offered (long-term) benefits conditional on successful crisis resolution. The governments were aware of and responded to these IGOs’ concerns, as did the rebels in these respective cases. The early stages of the conflict in Syria in 2011 provide a counterpoint. With Syria’s limited engagement in only few highly structured IGOs, the Syrian government ignored international calls for peace. And, without highly structured IGOs’ counterweight to curtail the government, the rebels saw little reason to stop their armed resistance. The result was a brutal and deadly civil war that continues today.

scholarly journals Vodnyi: a Long-term, Low-level Radiation Exposure Field Site in Russia

2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 332-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatoly I. TASKAEV ◽  
Edward R. LANDA ◽  
Denis V. GURYEV ◽  
Natalia GOLOVKO BUTLER ◽  
Thomas F. KRAEMER
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Field Site ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Exposure Field

Repeated Occupational Exposure to Low-level Blast in the Canadian Armed Forces: Effects on Hearing, Balance, and Ataxia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Nakashima ◽  
Oshin Vartanian ◽  
Shawn G Rhind ◽  
Kristen King ◽  
Catherine Tenn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Occupational Exposure ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Blast Overpressure ◽  
Blast Exposure

ABSTRACT Introduction Recently, there has been increasing concern about the adverse health effects of long-term occupational exposure to low-level blast in military personnel. Occupational blast exposure occurs routinely in garrison through use of armaments and controlled blast detonations. In the current study, we focused on a population of breaching instructors and range staff. Breaching is a tactical technique that is used to gain entry into closed spaces, often through the use of explosives. Materials and Methods Initial measurements of blast overpressure collected during breaching courses found that up to 10% of the blasts for range staff and up to 32% of the blasts for instructors exceeded the recommended 3 psi exposure limit. Using a cross-sectional design, we used tests of balance, ataxia, and hearing to compare a sample of breachers (n = 19) to age-and sex-matched military controls (n = 19). Results There were no significant differences between the two groups on the balance and ataxia tests, although the average scores of both groups were lower than would be expected in a normative population. The prevalence of hearing loss was low in the breacher group (4 of 19), and hearing thresholds were not significantly different from the controls. However, the prevalence of self-reported tinnitus was significantly higher in the breacher group (12 of 19) compared with the controls (4 of 19), and all breachers who were identified as having hearing loss also reported tinnitus. Conclusions Our results suggest that basic tests of balance, ataxia, and hearing on their own were not sensitive to the effects of long-term occupational exposure to low-level blast. Some of the blast exposure levels exceeded limits, and there was a significant association of exposure with tinnitus. Future studies should supplement with additional information including exposure history and functional hearing assessments. These findings should be considered in the design of future acute and longitudinal studies of low-level blast exposure.

scholarly journals Prenatally traumatized mice reveal hippocampal methylation and expression changes of the stress-related genes Crhr1 and Fkbp5

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Christine Plank ◽  
Stefan Frey ◽  
Lukas Andreas Basedow ◽  
Jalal Solati ◽  
Fabio Canneva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Dorsal Hippocampus ◽  
Methylation Status ◽  
Stress Axis ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Fk506 Binding Protein ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Stress Related Genes ◽  
Long Term Impact

AbstractIn our previous study, we found that prenatal trauma exposure leads to an anxiety phenotype in mouse pups, characterized by increased corticosterone levels and increased anxiety-like behavior. In order to understand the mechanisms by which aversive in utero experience leads to these long-lasting behavioral and neuroendocrine changes, we investigated stress reactivity of prenatally traumatized (PT) mice, as well as the expression and methylation levels of several key regulatory genes of the stress axis in the dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) of the PT embryo and adult mice. We detected increased corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 (Crhr1) and decreased FK506 binding protein 5 (Fkbp5) mRNA levels in the left dHPC of adult PT mice. These alterations were accompanied by a decreased methylation status of the Crhr1 promoter and an increased methylation status of the Fkbp5 promoter, respectively. Interestingly, the changes in Fkbp5 and Crhr1 mRNA levels were not detected in the embryonic dHPC of PT mice. Together, our findings provide evidence that prenatal trauma has a long-term impact on stress axis function and anxiety phenotype associated with altered Crhr1 and Fkbp5 transcripts and promoter methylation.

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