scholarly journals Supergene manganese ore records 75 Myr-long Campanian to Pleistocene geodynamic evolution and weathering history of the Central African Great Lakes Region – Tectonics drives, climate assists

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 96-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry De Putter ◽  
Gilles Ruffet
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Manganese Ore ◽  
Great Lakes Region ◽  
Geodynamic Evolution ◽  
African Great Lakes ◽  
History Of

Early Insecticide Controversies and Beekeeper Advocacy in the Great Lakes Region

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Bonnell
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Knowledge Development ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Great Lakes Region ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Abstract This article examines the debates that surrounded incidents of honeybee poisoning in the southern Great Lakes region in the 1880s and 1890s. Drawing upon the records of beekeepers and allied entomologists from Ontario and neighboring states, it analyzes the history of insecticide use, knowledge development, and risk calculation in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Here, beekeepers emerge as an important and largely overlooked collective voice in the history of insecticide controversies, contributing as they did to legislation, education, and advocacy efforts on both sides of the US-Canadian border. Their actions in response to a cogent threat to their livelihoods mark them as early advocates for environmental protection. Deeply familiar with the amenities and threats of surrounding land uses for their honey crop, late nineteenth-century beekeepers pressed for prudent insecticide use and “bee-friendly” horticultural practices more than half a century before the more familiar insecticide controversies of the postwar period. By the turn of the century, these efforts had borne some success in reducing incidents of honeybee poisoning. As the frequency, quantity, and toxicity of insecticides increased in the early twentieth century, however, powerful fruit-grower interests left Great Lakes beekeepers (and their bees) to shoulder the risks of an increasingly toxic countryside or to fold their operations, as many chose to do. For environmental historians, their fight presents an early example of the effects of agricultural industrialization, and its associated environmental consequences, on minority producers and the animals they kept.

scholarly journals A sister lineage of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex discovered in the African Great Lakes region

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Claude Semuto Ngabonziza ◽  
Chloé Loiseau ◽  
Michael Marceau ◽  
Agathe Jouet ◽  
Fabrizio Menardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Great Lakes Region ◽  
Tuberculosis Complex ◽  
Genome Region ◽  
African Great Lakes ◽  
Molecular Events

AbstractThe human- and animal-adapted lineages of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) are thought to have clonally expanded from a common progenitor in Africa. However, the molecular events that accompanied this emergence remain largely unknown. Here, we describe two MTBC strains isolated from patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, representing an as-yet-unknown lineage, named Lineage 8 (L8), seemingly restricted to the African Great Lakes region. Using genome-based phylogenetic reconstruction, we show that L8 is a sister clade to the known MTBC lineages. Comparison with other complete mycobacterial genomes indicate that the divergence of L8 preceded the loss of the cobF genome region - involved in the cobalamin/vitamin B12 synthesis - and gene interruptions in a subsequent common ancestor shared by all other known MTBC lineages. This discovery further supports an East African origin for the MTBC and provides additional molecular clues on the ancestral genome reduction associated with adaptation to a pathogenic lifestyle.

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