The effect of gross primary production, net primary production and net ecosystem exchange on the carbon fixation by chemical weathering of basalt in northeastern Iceland

2006 ◽  
Vol 88 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 292-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marin Ivanov Kardjilov ◽  
Sigurdur Reynir Gíslason ◽  
Gudrún Gísladóttir
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Net Ecosystem Exchange

scholarly journals Dynamics Modeling of CO2 in Oil Palm

Agromet ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-54
Author(s):  
Tania June ◽  
Meriana Ina Kii ◽  
I Putu Santikayasa
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Net Ecosystem Exchange ◽  
Co2 Absorption ◽  
Dynamics Modeling ◽  
Carbon Modeling ◽  
Dry Conditions

Oil palm plantation has a high potency to absorb carbon. Limited observed data and expensive instrumentations to measure the absorbed carbon have caused an inaccurate estimation of carbon storage from oil palm. The objectives of this research were to develop a CO2 absorption model, and to calculate the carbon cycle based on climate factors and plant age. CO2 absorption was derived from gross primary production (GPP) and net primary production (NPP), which were ​​based on solar radiation. From NPP we derived net ecosystem exchange (NEE) by calculating the difference between NPP and soil respiration. Our results showed that age of oil palm has influenced the CO2 absorption from 9.8 (1 year) to 117 tons ha-1 year-1 (19 years), with average of 86.5 tons ha-1 year-1 (over 25-year life cycle). We validated our NPP model with biomass that indicated a very good performance of the model with R2 0.95 and RMSE 1.81. Meanwhile, the performance of NEE model was slightly lower (R2 0.71 and 0.72, for wet and dry conditions), but the model had a similar pattern with the measured NEE. Based on the model performance, the findings imply that the model is useful to estimate CO2 absorption, where there is no eddy covariance measurement. This research suggests that carbon modeling will contribute to global terrestrial carbon modeling.

scholarly journals High Rates of Ecosytem Metabolism in Five Western Rivers

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 115-118
Author(s):  
Robert Hall ◽  
Jennifer Tank ◽  
Michelle Baker ◽  
Emma Rosi-Marshall ◽  
Michael Grace ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Primary Production ◽  
Carbon Cycling ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Total Rate ◽  
Global Carbon

Primary production and respiration are core functions of river ecosystems that in part determine the carbon balance. Gross primary production (GPP) is the total rate of carbon fixation by autotrophs such as algae and higher plants and is equivalent to photosynthesis. Ecosystem respiration (ER) measures rate at which organic carbon is mineralized to CO2 by all organisms in an ecosystem. Together these fluxes can indicate the base of the food web to support animal production (Marcarelli et al. 2011), can predict the cycling of other elements (Hall and Tank 2003), and can link ecosystems to global carbon cycling (Cole et al. 2007).

Energy and nutrients

2019 ◽  
pp. 161-176
Author(s):  
Richard T. Corlett
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Forest Ecology ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
New Information ◽  
Tropical Forest Ecology ◽  
Toxic Concentrations

This chapter deals with the ecology of Tropical East Asia from the perspective of water, energy, and matter flows through ecosystems, particularly forests. Data from the network of eddy flux covariance towers is revealing general patterns in gross primary production, ecosystem respiration, and net ecosystem production, and exchange. There is also new information on the patterns of net primary production and biomass within the region. In contrast, our understanding of the role of soil nutrients in tropical forest ecology still relies mostly on work done in the Neotropics, with just enough data from Asia to suggest that the major patterns may be pantropical. Nitrogen and phosphorus have received most attention regionally, followed by calcium, potassium, and magnesium, and there has been very little study of the role of micronutrients and potentially toxic concentrations of aluminium, manganese, and hydrogen ions. Animal nutrition has also been neglected.

scholarly journals How drought severity constrains gross primary production(GPP) and its partitioning among carbon pools in a <i>Quercus ilex</i> coppice?

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 6855-6869 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rambal ◽  
M. Lempereur ◽  
J. M. Limousin ◽  
N. K. Martin-StPaul ◽  
J. M. Ourcival ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Quercus Ilex ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Carbon Fluxes ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Drought Severity ◽  
Mediterranean Ecosystem

Abstract. The partitioning of photosynthates toward biomass compartments plays a crucial role in the carbon (C) sink function of forests. Few studies have examined how carbon is allocated toward plant compartments in drought-prone forests. We analyzed the fate of gross primary production (GPP) in relation to yearly water deficit in an old evergreen Mediterranean Quercus ilex coppice severely affected by water limitations. Carbon fluxes between the ecosystem and the atmosphere were measured with an eddy covariance flux tower running continuously since 2001. Discrete measurements of litterfall, stem growth and fAPAR allowed us to derive annual productions of leaves, wood, flowers and acorns, and an isometric relationship between stem and belowground biomass has been used to estimate perennial belowground growth. By combining eddy covariance fluxes with annual net primary productions (NPP), we managed to close a C budget and derive values of autotrophic, heterotrophic respirations and carbon-use efficiency (CUE; the ratio between NPP and GPP). Average values of yearly net ecosystem production (NEP), GPP and Reco were 282, 1259 and 977 g C m−2. The corresponding aboveground net primary production (ANPP) components were 142.5, 26.4 and 69.6 g C m−2 for leaves, reproductive effort (flowers and fruits) and stems, respectively. NEP, GPP and Reco were affected by annual water deficit. Partitioning to the different plant compartments was also impacted by drought, with a hierarchy of responses going from the most affected – the stem growth – to the least affected – the leaf production. The average CUE was 0.40, which is well in the range for Mediterranean-type forest ecosystems. CUE tended to decrease less drastically in response to drought than GPP and NPP did, probably due to drought acclimation of autotrophic respiration. Overall, our results provide a baseline for modeling the inter-annual variations of carbon fluxes and allocation in this widespread Mediterranean ecosystem, and they highlight the value of maintaining continuous experimental measurements over the long term.

scholarly journals Carbon Balance in Salt Marsh and Mangrove Ecosystems: A Global Synthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Alongi
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Primary Production ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Coastal Ocean ◽  
Microbial Decomposition

Mangroves and salt marshes are among the most productive ecosystems in the global coastal ocean. Mangroves store more carbon (739 Mg CORG ha−1) than salt marshes (334 Mg CORG ha−1), but the latter sequester proportionally more (24%) net primary production (NPP) than mangroves (12%). Mangroves exhibit greater rates of gross primary production (GPP), aboveground net primary production (AGNPP) and plant respiration (RC), with higher PGPP/RC ratios, but salt marshes exhibit greater rates of below-ground NPP (BGNPP). Mangroves have greater rates of subsurface DIC production and, unlike salt marshes, exhibit active microbial decomposition to a soil depth of 1 m. Salt marshes release more CH4 from soil and creek waters and export more dissolved CH4, but mangroves release more CO2 from tidal waters and export greater amounts of particulate organic carbon (POC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), to adjacent waters. Both ecosystems contribute only a small proportion of GPP, RE (ecosystem respiration) and NEP (net ecosystem production) to the global coastal ocean due to their small global area, but contribute 72% of air–sea CO2 exchange of the world’s wetlands and estuaries and contribute 34% of DIC export and 17% of DOC + POC export to the world’s coastal ocean. Thus, both wetland ecosystems contribute disproportionately to carbon flow of the global coastal ocean.

Variability in carbon exchange and light utilization among boreal forest stands: implications for remote sensing of net primary production

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott J Goetz ◽  
Stephen D Prince
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Primary Production ◽  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Simple Relationship ◽  
Carbon Exchange ◽  
Forest Stands

Variability in carbon exchange, net primary production (NPP), and light-use efficiency were explored for 63 boreal forest stands in northeastern Minnesota using an ecophysiological model. The model was initialized with extensive field measurements of Populus tremuloides Michx. and Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP stand properties. The results showed that the proportion of total carbon assimilation expended in autotrophic respiration (i.e., the respiration to assimilation ratio, R/A) was significantly different for the two tree species and this explained much of the variability in the amount of net production per unit absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR), referred to as PAR utilization ( epsilonn). This is the first known study to directly link variability in respiratory costs to epsilonn. Total assimilation per unit APAR ( epsilong) was much less variable than epsilonn and was not significantly different between species. Greater stomatal control on some moisture stressed sites accounted for most of the variability in epsilong. The lack of a simple relationship between light harvesting and net carbon gain indicates that estimation of net primary production with satellite remote sensing requires additional information on respiration costs; however, evidence for convergence in epsilong can be used to simplify the remote sensing of gross primary production over large areas.

scholarly journals Uncertainty analysis of gross primary production partitioned from net ecosystem exchange measurements

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1409-1422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Raj ◽  
Nicholas Alexander Samuel Hamm ◽  
Christiaan van der Tol ◽  
Alfred Stein
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Empirical Relationship ◽  
Net Ecosystem Exchange ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Uncertainty Assessment ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Posterior Distributions ◽  
Flux Tower ◽  
Mcmc Simulation

Abstract. Gross primary production (GPP) can be separated from flux tower measurements of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2. This is used increasingly to validate process-based simulators and remote-sensing-derived estimates of simulated GPP at various time steps. Proper validation includes the uncertainty associated with this separation. In this study, uncertainty assessment was done in a Bayesian framework. It was applied to data from the Speulderbos forest site, The Netherlands. We estimated the uncertainty in GPP at half-hourly time steps, using a non-rectangular hyperbola (NRH) model for its separation from the flux tower measurements. The NRH model provides a robust empirical relationship between radiation and GPP. It includes the degree of curvature of the light response curve, radiation and temperature. Parameters of the NRH model were fitted to the measured NEE data for every 10-day period during the growing season (April to October) in 2009. We defined the prior distribution of each NRH parameter and used Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation to estimate the uncertainty in the separated GPP from the posterior distribution at half-hourly time steps. This time series also allowed us to estimate the uncertainty at daily time steps. We compared the informative with the non-informative prior distributions of the NRH parameters and found that both choices produced similar posterior distributions of GPP. This will provide relevant and important information for the validation of process-based simulators in the future. Furthermore, the obtained posterior distributions of NEE and the NRH parameters are of interest for a range of applications.

Simulation of Mediterranean forest carbon pools under expected environmental scenarios

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 850-860 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Chiesi ◽  
M. Moriondo ◽  
F. Maselli ◽  
L. Gardin ◽  
L. Fibbi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Forest Carbon ◽  
Simulation Approach ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Vegetation Carbon ◽  
The Impact

Simulating the effects of possible environmental changes on the forest carbon budget requires the use of calibrated and tested models of ecosystem processes. A recently proposed simulation approach based on the use of the BIOME-BGC model was applied to yield estimates of present carbon fluxes and pools in Tuscany forests (central Italy). After the validation of these estimates against existing ground data, the simulation approach was used to assess the impact of plausible climate changes (+2 °C and increased CO2 concentration) on forest carbon dynamics (gross primary production (GPP), net primary production (NPP), and relevant allocations). The results indicate that the temperature change tends to inhibit all production and allocation processes, which are instead enhanced by the CO2 concentration rise. The combination of the two factors leads to a general increase in both GPP and NPP that is higher for deciduous oaks and chestnut (+30% and 24% for GPP and +42% and 31% for NPP, respectively). Additionally, vegetation carbon is slightly increased, while total soil carbon remains almost unchanged with respect to the present conditions. These findings are analyzed with reference to the Tuscany forest situation and previous studies on the subject.

scholarly journals Leaf Area Index identified as a major source of variability in modelled CO<sub>2</sub> fertilization

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qianyu Li ◽  
Xingjie Lu ◽  
Yingping Wang ◽  
Xin Huang ◽  
Peter M. Cox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Cable Model ◽  
Co2 Fertilization ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Leaf Level

Abstract. The concentration-carbon feedback factor (β), also called the CO2 fertilization effect, is a key unknown in climate-carbon cycle projections. A better understanding of model mechanisms that govern terrestrial ecosystem responses to elevated CO2 is urgently needed to enable a more accurate prediction of future terrestrial carbon sink. We calculated CO2 fertilization effects at various hierarchical levels from leaf biochemical reaction, leaf photosynthesis, canopy gross primary production (GPP), net primary production (NPP), to ecosystem carbon storage (cpool), for seven C3 vegetation types in response to increasing CO2 under RCP 8.5 scenario, using the Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange model (CABLE). Our results show that coefficient of variation (CV) for the CABLE model among the seven vegetation types is 0.15–0.13 for the biochemical level β, 0.13–0.16 for the leaf-level β, 0.48 for the βGPP, 0.45 for the βNPP, and 0.58 for the βcpool. The low variation of the leaf-level β is consistent with a theoretical analysis that leaf photosynthetic sensitivity to increasing CO2 concentration is almost an invariant function. In CABLE, the major jump in CV of β values from leaf- to canopy- and ecosystem-levels results from divergence in modelled leaf area index (LAI) within and among the vegetation types. The correlations of βGPP, βNPP, or βcpool with βLAI are very high in CABLE. Overall, our results indicate that modelled LAI is a key factor causing the divergence in β values in CABLE model. It is therefore urgent to constrain processes that regulate LAI dynamics in order to better represent the response of ecosystem productivity to increasing CO2 in Earth System Models.

scholarly journals Observed and modelled ecosystem respiration and gross primary production of a grassland in southwestern France

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 429-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Albergel ◽  
J.-C. Calvet ◽  
A.-L. Gibelin ◽  
S. Lafont ◽  
J.-L. Roujean ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Primary Production ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Net Ecosystem Exchange ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Single Equation ◽  
Complex Model ◽  
Area Index

Abstract. In this work, a simple representation of the soil moisture effect on the ecosystem respiration is implemented into the A-gs version of the Interactions between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere (ISBA) model. It results in an improvement of the modelled CO2 flux over a grassland, in southwestern France. The former temperature-only dependent respiration formulation used in ISBA-A-gs is not able to model the limitation of the respiration under dry conditions. In addition to soil moisture and soil temperature, the only parameter required in this formulation is the ecosystem respiration parameter Re25. It can be estimated by the mean of eddy covariance measurements of turbulent nighttime CO2 flux (i.e. ecosystem respiration). The resulting correlation between observed and modelled net ecosystem exchange is r2=0.63 with a bias of −2.18 μmol m−2 s−1. It is shown that when CO2 observations are not available, it is possible to use a more complex model, able to represent the heterotrophic respiration and all the components of the autotrophic respiration, to estimate Re25 with similar results. The modelled ecosystem respiration estimates are provided by the Carbon Cycle (CC) version of ISBA (ISBA-CC). ISBA-CC is a version of ISBA able to simulate all the respiration components whereas ISBA-A-gs uses a single equation for ecosystem respiration. ISBA-A-gs is easier to handle and more convenient than ISBA-CC for practical use in atmospheric or hydrological models. Surface water and energy flux observations as well as gross primary production (GPP) estimates are compared with model outputs. The dependence of GPP to air temperature is investigated. The observed GPP is less sensitive to temperature than the modelled GPP. Finally, the simulations of the ISBA-A-gs model are analysed over a seven year period (2001–2007). Modelled soil moisture and leaf area index (LAI) are confronted with the observed root-zone soil moisture content (m3 m−3), and with LAI estimates derived from surface reflectance measurements.

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