scholarly journals Estimating Atterberg limits of soils from hygroscopic water content

Geoderma ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 381 ◽  
pp. 114698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Arthur ◽  
Hafeez Ur Rehman ◽  
Markus Tuller ◽  
Nastaran Pouladi ◽  
Trine Nørgaard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Atterberg Limits ◽  
Hygroscopic Water

Estimation of soil water content at permanent wilting point using hygroscopic water content

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 392-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chong Chen ◽  
Hu Zhou ◽  
Jianying Shang ◽  
Kelin Hu ◽  
Tusheng Ren
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Permanent Wilting Point ◽  
Wilting Point ◽  
Hygroscopic Water

scholarly journals Estimation of Soil Clay Content from Hygroscopic Water Content Measurements

2012 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 1529-1535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark N. Wuddivira ◽  
David A. Robinson ◽  
Inma Lebron ◽  
Laëtitia Bréchet ◽  
Melissa Atwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil Clay ◽  
Soil Clay Content ◽  
Hygroscopic Water

scholarly journals Clogging Potential of Earth-Pressure Balance Shield Driven Tunnels

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Rashiddel ◽  
Fatemeh Amiri Ramsheh ◽  
Asma Ramesh ◽  
Daniel Dias ◽  
Mohsen Hajihassani
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Earth Pressure ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Atterberg Limits ◽  
Pressure Balance ◽  
Earth Pressure Balance Shield ◽  
Boring Machines ◽  
Cutter Head ◽  
Water Amount

Background: Nowadays, the construction of urban tunnels for rapid transportation in metropolises is necessary. Since these tunnels are excavated at low depths, they are often associated with different problems and hazards. Some of them can reduce the efficiency of the tunnel boring machines and sometimes will stop the project. Among these problems the clogging can cause problems at the cutter head, in the chamber, and in other sections where the material transference occurs. Objective: The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate and determine the risk of clogging in the tunneling boring machine in Line 6 of the Tehran Metro. It includes stations: Amirkabir, Shohada Square, Emam Hossein Square and Sayyadeh Shirazi. This phenomenon induces an adhesion of the shield with the soil, increasing the necessary shear forces and it can eventually leads to the project interruption. Methods: Due to the fact that the criterion for the behavior of fine soils against moisture is Atterberg Limits, therefore, Atterberg Limits and the water content were utilized. For this purpose, the new method proposed by Hollman and Thewes (2013) was used. In this study, in addition to the Atterberg limits, the amount of free water resulting from the machine and from the underground water inflow was included in the calculations. Results: It was found that the water content should be increased carefully as the soil is very sensitive to this parameter. An increase of 15% of the water content permits to reduce the risk of clogging. If the added free water amount 15%, the probability of clogging becomes high. Whereas, in case where the added free water amount reaches 20%, the risk of clogging decreases significantly. Conclusion: According to the performed assessments, it was found that critical areas for the clogging aspect are both the cutter head and the chamber. The sensitivity of the soil is very important to the free water amount. Therefore, due to the behavior of sticky and plastic of clay soils against increasing water, it is necessary to determine the percentage of allowable water used in mechanized excavation projects.

Engineering Aspects of Soils

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Keefer
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Mechanics ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Atterberg Limits ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Coarse Material ◽  
Semi Solid

Although most landscape architects use soils primarily for growing plants, sometimes they need to know how engineers look at soils. Engineers are not concerned about soil properties that relate to growing plants. Engineers consider soil as a support for building foundations, use in earthworks, a place for burying pipes that carry electricity, water, gas or oil, and as a tool for disposing of hazardous, municipal, industrial, and household wastes. Soil properties that engineers consider important are hydraulic conductivity (permeability), compressive strength, shear strength, and lateral pressures. Soil mechanics deals with stress/strain/time relationships. Some engineering properties of a soil that describe the relation of clays to water content were studied by a Swedish scientist, Atterberg, in 1911. Soil clays based on water content were categorized into solid, semi-solid, plastic, and liquid. The dividing lines between each of these four states are known as the “Atterberg limits,” that is, shrinkage limit (from solid to semisolid), plastic limit (from semi-solid to plastic), and liquid limit (from plastic to liquid). These points can be measured for individual clays. The Atterberg limits are used by engineers to classify soils based on their moisture properties. These limits are particularly useful for evaluating soil compressibility, permeability, and strength. The plasticity of a clay soil depends on the type and amount of clay mineral and organic materials present. Plasticity is the reaction a soil has to being deformed without cracking or crumbling. The “liquid limit” is a term indicating the amount of water in a soil between the liquid state and the plastic state. Soils are first divided into two categories of coarse-grained and fine-grained. Coarse-grained soils are those in which more than half of the material is larger than a no. 200 sieve. Fine-grained soils are those in which more than half of the material is smaller than a no. 200 sieve. Coarse-grained soils are further divided into two categories of gravels and sands. Gravels are those with more than half of the coarse material larger than a no. 4 sieve. Sands are those with more than half of the coarse material smaller than a no. 4 sieve.

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