scholarly journals Synaptic vesicles isolated from the electric organ of Torpedo californica and from the central nervous system of Mus musculus contain small ribonucleic acids (sRNAs)

Genomics Data ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 52-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huinan Li ◽  
Cheng Wu ◽  
Rodolfo Aramayo ◽  
Matthew S. Sachs ◽  
Mark L. Harlow
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Electric Organ ◽  
Torpedo Californica ◽  
Ribonucleic Acids ◽  
The Central Nervous System

PENENTUAN NILAI PARAMETER LIPOFILITAS SENYAWA 4-KLOROBENZOILTIOUREA DAN UJI POTENSIASI TERHADAP TIOPENTAL PADA MENCIT PUTIH (Mus musculus)

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Dini Kesuma
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Electronic Properties ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Log P ◽  
P Value ◽  
Lead Compounds ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Central Nervous System Depressant ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Synthesis of the 4-chlorobenzoylthiourea compound was carried out by acylating thiourea with 4-chlorobenzoyl chloride. The 4-chlorobenzoylthiourea compound  will increase the lipophilic and the electronic properties other than the lead compounds of benzoylthiourea in order to, by expectation, raise the central nervous system depressant as well. The lipophilic would affect the ability of the compounds in penetrating biological membranes, which is highly dependent on the solubility of the drug within lipid/water. Log P is the most common method used in determining the parameter value. This experiment was to mix two dissolvents (octanol and water) which are immissible. The both levels of the compounds were carefully observed by a spectrophotometer UV-Vis. From the test, the result of log P value of the 4-chlorobenzoylthiourea compound was 2.32, while the theoretical log P value of the compounds, by using the π Hansch-Fujita method is 1.62 and the f Rekker-Mannhold method is 2.225. Consequently, the result of the test shows that there is a significant difference between the progress experiment and both theoretical log P methods. Moreover, in the test of the central nervous system depressant through the potentiation test to thiopental using mice indicates that the 4-chlorobenzoylthiourea compound have potentiation effects to thiopental compared to the lead compounds of benzoylthiourea.

scholarly journals Further Investigations on the Function of the Electrical Organ of the Skate

1889 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burdon Sanderson ◽  
F. Gotch
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Electromotive Force ◽  
Electric Organ ◽  
Physiological Laboratory ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Work Done ◽  
The Way

During the month of September, 1888, we availed ourselves of the facilities afforded by the Laboratory for the purpose of continuing the investigations began by us the year before, of the function of the electrical organ of the skate. In the record of the work done by us in 1887 at St. Andrews, published in the Journal of Physiology, vol. ix, p. 137, we indicated several new lines of investigation which we hoped to pursue if the opportunity offered. Two of these indications we have now been able to fulfil satisfactorily, namely, those relating to the electromotive force of the shock, and to the way in which the function of the electric organ is controlled and influenced by the central nervous system. In the first of these inquiries, we used apparatus which was brought from the Oxford Physiological Laboratory, and temporarily fitted up in the room at Plymouth, which is set apart for physiological researches, and which we found well adapted for this purpose. For the second, a large number of experiments and consequently a considerable number of fish were requisite. Forty skates of various species (Raia Batis, R. clavata, R. microcellata, and R. maculata) were supplied to us and used in our researches, of which the result will shortly be ready for publication.We desire to express in the strongest terms our appreciation of the advantages afforded by the Laboratory for physiological researches. We would also record our personal obligation to the Director for his uniform courtesy and untiring zeal in obtaining for us, in spite of considerable difficulties, the material required for our work.

scholarly journals Biophysical demonstration of co-packaging of glutamate and GABA in individual synaptic vesicles in the central nervous system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
SeulAh Kim ◽  
Michael Wallace ◽  
Mahmoud El-Rifai ◽  
Alexa Knudsen ◽  
Bernardo Sabatini
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Computational Modeling ◽  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Entopeduncular Nucleus ◽  
Lateral Habenula ◽  
Ionotropic Receptors ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
The Brain

Many mammalian neurons release multiple neurotransmitters to activate diverse classes of ionotropic receptors on their postsynaptic targets. Entopeduncular nucleus somatostatin (EP Sst+) neurons that project to the lateral habenula (LHb) release both glutamate and GABA, but it is unclear if these are packaged into the same or segregated pools of synaptic vesicles. Here we describe a novel method combining electrophysiology, spatially-patterned optogenetics, and computational modeling designed to analyze the mechanism of glutamate/GABA corelease. We find that the properties of PSCs elicited in LHb neurons by optogenetic activation of EP Sst+ terminals are only consistent with co-packaging of glutamate and GABA into individual vesicles. Furthermore, serotonin, which acts presynaptically to weaken EP Sst+ to LHb synapses, does so by altering the release probability of vesicles containing both transmitters. Our approach is broadly applicable to the study of multi-transmitter neurons throughout the brain and our results constrain mechanisms of neuromodulation in LHb.

Delivery on call: exosomes as “care packages” from glial cells for stressed neurons

e-Neuroforum ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
E.-M. Krämer-Albers ◽  
C. Frühbeis
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
System Function ◽  
Basic Requirement ◽  
Ribonucleic Acids ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System Function

AbstractCommunication between cells is a basic requirement for proper nervous system function. Glial cells execute various functions, operating in close coordination with neurons. Recent research revealed that cell commu­nication is mediated by the exchange of extracellular vesicles, which are also secreted by glial cells and neurons. Extracellular vesicles comprise exosomes and microvesicles, which deliver proteins and ribonucleic acids to target cells. As a result of transfer, the vesicle cargo components can modulate the phe­notype of recipient cells. Here, we discuss the characteristics and functions of extracellular vesicles in general and in particular in the central nervous system, where myelinat­ing oligodendrocytes release exosomes in response to neurotransmitter signals, which are internalized by neurons and exhibit neuroprotective functions.

scholarly journals Antibodies to synaptic vesicles purified from Narcine electric organ bind a subclass of mammalian nerve terminals.

1980 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
J E Hooper ◽  
S S Carlson ◽  
R B Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Electric Organ ◽  
Antigenic Determinants ◽  
Nerve Terminals ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Adrenal Chromaffin ◽  
Mammalian Nerve

Antibodies were raised in rabbits to synaptic vesicles purified to homogeneity from the electric organ of Narcine brasiliensis, a marine electric ray. These antibodies were shown by indirect immunofluorescence techniques to bind a wide variety of nerve terminals in the mammalian nervous system, both peripheral and central. The shared antigenic determinants are found in cholinergic terminals, including the neuromuscular junction, sympathetic ganglionic and parasympathetic postganglionic terminals, and in those synaptic areas of the hippocampus and cerebellum that stain with acetylcholinesterase. They are also found in some noncholinergic regions, including adrenergic sympathetic postganglionic terminals, the peptidergic terminals in the posterior pituitary, and adrenal chromaffin cells. They are, however, not found in many noncholinergic synapse-rich regions. Such regions include the molecular layer of the cerebellum and those laminae of the dentate gyrus that receive hippocampal associational and commissural input. We conclude that one or more of the relatively small number of antigenic determinants in pure electric fish synaptic vesicles have been conserved during evolution, and are found in some but not all nerve terminals of the mammalian nervous system. The pattern of antibody binding in the central nervous system suggests unexpected biochemical similarities between nerve terminals heretofore regarded as unrelated.

scholarly journals Inhibitory synaptic vesicles have unique dynamics and exocytosis properties

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chungwon Park ◽  
Xingxiang Chen ◽  
Chong-Li Tian ◽  
Gyu Nam Park ◽  
Nicolas Chenouard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Synaptotagmin 1 ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Travel Length

AbstractMaintaining the balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition is essential for proper function of the central nervous system, with inhibitory synaptic transmission playing an important role. Although inhibitory transmission has higher kinetic demands compared to excitatory transmission, its properties are poorly understood. In particular, the dynamics and exocytosis of single inhibitory vesicles have not been investigated, due largely to both technical and practical limitations. Using a combination of quantum dots (QDs) conjugated to antibodies against the luminal domain of the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) to selectively label GABAergic (i.e., inhibitory) vesicles together with dual-focus imaging optics, we tracked the real-time three-dimensional position of single inhibitory vesicles up to the moment of exocytosis (i.e., fusion). Using three-dimensional trajectories, we found that inhibitory synaptic vesicles traveled a short distance prior to fusion and had a shorter time to fusion compared to synaptotagmin-1 (Syt1)-labeled vesicles, which were mostly from excitatory neurons. Moreover, our analysis revealed a close correlation between the release probability of inhibitory vesicles and both the proximity to their fusion site and the total travel length. Finally, we found that inhibitory vesicles have a higher prevalence of kiss-and-run fusion compared than Syt1-labeled vesicles. These results indicate that inhibitory synaptic vesicles have a unique set of dynamics and fusion properties to support rapid synaptic inhibition, thereby maintaining a tightly regulated balance between excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system.SignificanceDespite playing an important role in maintaining brain function, the dynamics of inhibitory synaptic vesicles are poorly understood. Here, we tracked the three-dimensional position of single inhibitory vesicles up to the moment of exocytosis in real time by loading single inhibitory vesicle with QDs-conjugated to antibodies against the luminal domain of the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT). We found that inhibitory synaptic vesicles have a smaller total travel length before fusion, a shorter fusion time, and a higher prevalence of kiss-and-run than synaptotagmin-1-lableled vesicles. Our findings provide the first evidence that inhibitory vesicles have a unique set of dynamics and exocytosis properties to support rapid inhibitory synaptic transmission.

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