Change of black shale organic material surface area during oxidative weathering: Implications for rock-water surface evolution

2005 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 1213-1224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelius Fischer ◽  
Reinhard Gaupp
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Black Shale ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Material Surface ◽  
Surface Evolution

scholarly journals Impacts of Rapid Changes of Land Cover and Intensive Human Activities on Avarga Toson Lake Area, Mongolia

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 6070
Author(s):  
Urtnasan Mandakh ◽  
Danzanchadav Ganbat ◽  
Bayartungalag Batsaikhan ◽  
Sainbayar Dalantai ◽  
Zolzaya Adiya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Land Development ◽  
Water Area ◽  
Lake Area ◽  
Surrounding Area ◽  
Water Surface Area

Avarga Toson Lake and its surrounding area are very important for people, wildlife, and animals in Delgerkhaan Soum of Khentii Province in Eastern Mongolia. Some research has been conducted so as to explore the medical nature and characteristics of the lake and its surrounding area. However, the adverse effects of land use have neither been studied nor reported. The fact that the water catchment area is shrinking evidences clearly that findings of various real-time studies must be used effectively in the long-term by the local government and relevant authorities in order to take immediate remedial measures. Our study focused on land cover changes occurring as a result of human activities in the area, using a Landsat imageries and water indices approach to estimate the changes of land use and land cover. The aims of this study were to assess the land use and cover change that occurred between 1989 and 2018 and to define the impacting factors on the changes of water surface area in Avarga Toson Lake area, Mongolia. Findings revealed that the water surface area has decreased by 34.1% in the past 30 years. The lake water area had the weakest, positive correlation with temperature and precipitation. We did not find any indicators suggesting a relationship between lake area and climate variables. In contrast, the area was slightly correlated with socio-economic variables, such as Toson Lake area with the number of visitors (R2 = 0.89) and Burd Lake area the with number of livestocks (R2 = 0.75), respectively. Therefore, the main conclusion of this paper is that socioeconomic factors driven by land use change, policy, and institutional failure together with the existing pressure on the lake may amplify their effect of the water surface area decreasing. Additionally, even if policy adoption is relatively sufficient in the country, the public institutional capacity to implement a successful sustainable land management model regarding land access, land development, land resources protection, land market, and investments in infrastructure remains very limited.

Preparation of CNT Counter Electrode by Electrophoresis for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell

2017 ◽  
Vol 870 ◽  
pp. 465-469
Author(s):  
Kazuaki Tamiya ◽  
Kanta Sugii ◽  
Kozo Taguchi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Solar Cell ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Electrophoretic Deposition ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Counter Electrode ◽  
Large Surface Area ◽  
Dye Sensitized Solar Cell ◽  
Dye Sensitized

Carbon nanotubes are one of the materials that can replace platinum as DSSC’s counter electrode. By utilizing carbon nanotubes (CNT), which is an organic material in place of platinum it is possible to create an inexpensive solar cell. However, there are still many problems with CNT such as low conversion compared with platinum and fast degradation in CNT. At the present time, it is to be large surface area when we fabricate CNT electrode sintered at 500°C with Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD). We measured how conversion efficiency changed by changing sintering temperatures. As a result, when CNT electrode sintered at 500°C, conversion efficiency was the highest and it was 2.46%.

Optimal Forms of Shallow Cylindrical Panels With Respect to Vibration and Stability

1986 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Plaut ◽  
L. W. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Axial Load ◽  
Cylindrical Panel ◽  
Buckling Load ◽  
Material Surface ◽  
Uniform Thickness ◽  
Simply Supported ◽  
Cylindrical Panels

Thin, shallow, elastic, cylindrical panels with rectangular planform are considered. We seek the midsurface form which maximizes the fundamental frequency of vibration, and the form which maximizes the buckling value of a uniform axial load. The material, surface area, and uniform thickness of the panel are specified. The curved edges are simply supported, while the straight edges are either simply supported or clamped. For the clamped case, the optimal panels have zero slope at the edges. In the examples, the maximum fundamental frequency is up to 12 percent higher than that of the corresponding circular cylindrical panel, while the buckling load is increased by as much as 95 percent. Most of the solutions are bimodal, while the rest are either unimodal or trimodal.

scholarly journals RESEARCH ON WAVE ACTION ON LAKE SHORES AND UNLINED SLOPES OF ARTIFICIAL EARTH STRUCTURES

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
A.A. Pichoughkin
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Wave Action ◽  
Kuibyshev Reservoir ◽  
Earth Structures ◽  
Artificial Earth ◽  
The Waves

The construction of big modern hydro-electric plants makes it necessary to create large reservoirs, of which the surface area can be on the order of some hundreds or even thousands square kilometers. As for example, the surface area of the Kuibyshev reservoir is 5600 km 2 that one of the Sherbakov reservoir - 4500 km^, of the Stalingrad reservoir - 3470 km2, of Kahovka reservoir - 2155 km2. The dimensions of reservoirs in plan being so considerable, the waves of 3-3,5m height can appear on the water surface. The shoreline of reservoirs created on U.S.S.R. plain rivers exceeds the length of 13000 km. The problem of the protection of the upstream slopes of artificial earth structures and natural shores against wave action is of extreme importance under these conditions.

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