NOx removal by low-cost char pellets: Factors influencing the activity and selectivity towards NOx reduction

Fuel ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 86 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 949-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
José María Soriano-Mora ◽  
Agustín Bueno-López ◽  
Avelina García-García ◽  
Ron E. Perry ◽  
Colin E. Snape
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Nox Reduction ◽  
Nox Removal ◽  
Factors Influencing

Research on Methane Decomposition during Gas Reburning for NOx Reduction

2011 ◽  
Vol 356-360 ◽  
pp. 1801-1806
Author(s):  
Hai Ping Xiao ◽  
Qin Jian Yu ◽  
Lei Huang
Keyword(s):  
Free Radicals ◽  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Reaction Kinetics ◽  
Nox Reduction ◽  
Main Reaction ◽  
Nox Removal ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Hydrocarbon Radicals ◽  
Reaction Processes

In order to discover main reaction mechanism of CH4 in NOx removal by methane reburning, reactions between CH4 and NOx were simulated from the point of reaction kinetics. Simulating result demonstrated that reaction temperature and excessive air coefficient were main factors influencing DeNOx efficiency. NO could be directly reduced by free radicals including H, HO2, HCCO and O. Firstly, NO was mainly reduced by HO2.Secondly,NO was mainly reduced by H. Hydrocarbon radicals such as CH3, CH2, C2H4, CH2O, C2H6, CH2CO, HCN, HCNO, HNCO were produced in reaction processes as intermediate products. Lots of free radicals were consumed or produced in reaction and led to concentration variation of NO. At the same time, NO could be directly reduced by hydrocarbon radicals such as CH3, CH2.Therefore, hydrocarbon radicals have important influence on removal efficiency of NOx during methane reburning.

NOx Emissions in a Steel Reheat Furnace Firing By-Product Fuels

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley R. Adams ◽  
Dave H. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Nox Reduction ◽  
Coke Oven ◽  
Cfd Modeling ◽  
Stoichiometric Ratio ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Confined Space ◽  
Nox Formation ◽  
Reheat Furnace ◽  
Bottom Zone

Abstract A DOE-funded program was used to understand the mechanisms that control the formation of NOx during the combustion of steelmaking by-product fuels and to investigate possible low-cost control options to minimize the NOx emissions. This paper discusses the CFD modeling results of NOx emissions in a reheat furnace. The reheat furnace has a total of 20 burners distributed over three firing zones. The furnace is fired at a rate of 250 × 106 Btu/hr and an overall stoichiometric ratio of 1.06 (fuel lean). Fuels with heating values of approximate 500 Btu/SCF were examined, including coke oven gas (COG), blast furnace gas (BFG) and a blend of COG, BFG, natural gas (NG) and nitrogen. A good range of process variables was modeled to examine effects of fuel type, air preheat, stoichiometric ratio, firing rate and burner stoichiometry distribution on NOx emissions. Modeling results indicated that NOx formation in the reheat furnace is dominated by thermal NO, with some variation depending on the fuel fired. Temperature profiles showed an effective separation of the furnace interior into top and bottom zones as a result of the steel slab barrier. Higher temperatures characterized the bottom zone and elevated NOx levels as a result of the confined space and enhanced fuel air mixing provided by the slab supports. Results also showed that reburning of NOx plays a significant role in final NOx emissions with 30–40% of NOx formed being reduced by reburning in most cases. Modeling identified that operating the side burners in each burner zone slightly substoichiometric (while maintaining the overall furnace stoichiometry at 1.06) provided significant NOx reduction via reburning. NOx reductions of 23% and 30% were predicted when firing with COG and COG-NG-Air fuels, respectively. Overall furnace exit temperatures and heat flux profiles were not significantly affected by the biased firing.

scholarly journals A novel integrated rotary reactor for NOx reduction by CO and air preheating: NOx removal performance and mechanism

AIChE Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peiliang Sun ◽  
Jianjie Li ◽  
Xingxing Cheng ◽  
Xiangdong Li ◽  
Xiaotao T. Bi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nox Reduction ◽  
Nox Removal ◽  
Performance And Mechanism ◽  
Rotary Reactor

scholarly journals Factors Influencing Digital Marketing and Digital Payment on Consumer Purchase Behaviour

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Monica Tiewul
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Digital Marketing ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Financial Industry ◽  
Payment Methods ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Impact

The issue of whether innovation and technological advancement continually bring new phenomenon remains unpredictable, especially in the financial industry. As technology and digital services continue to ingrain themselves into more aspects of lives, the financial sector has not been immuned. New technology has given way to new services and with new services comes the gradual disruption of the old. This study researched on the influence of digital marketing and digital payment on consumer purchase behaviour in Coburg, Germany. The availability of digital marketing is enabling many companies of all sizes to embrace mobile and data while adopting a ‘cloud first’ approach to redesigning their business models. This brings about the introduction of a new ‘pay-as-you-go’ business model that enables efficiency, low-cost speed to scale and creation of new, richer customer experience. This research sort to examine the impact of digital marketing on consumer purchase behaviour, assess the factors influencing consumer to patronise digital payment and examine the future of digital payment methods. In this research, primary and secondary data are utilised. The data has been analysed using descriptive and multivariate statistical methods like factor loading analysis, correlation, cross tabulation, and chi-square. From this research, it is concluded that the availability of extensive information, variety of products, level of satisfaction and level of education are the most essential factors influencing digital marketing and digital payment and this will lead to an increase in the digital payment methods with more security in the future. Also, bitcoin will not be accepted as a future digital payment method.

Structural Models for E-Banking Adoption in Vietnam

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long Pham ◽  
Nhi Y. Cao ◽  
Thanh D. Nguyen ◽  
Phong T. Tran
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Distribution Channel ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Intention To Use ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Mediating Effects ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Cost Distribution ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Economic Growth Rates

E-banking is seen as the newest delivery channel for banking services in many developed countries and is believed to have a significant impact on the bank market. E-banking is providing numerous opportunities for banks and non-bank financial institutions to add a low cost distribution channel to their existent distribution channels. Little research on factors influencing the adoption of e-banking has been implemented in countries with very high economic growth rates (such as Vietnam) that are emerging as new potential markets. Thus, this study has, based on an extensive literature review on e-banking benefits for both banks and their customers and relevant theories on innovation adoption, proposed alternative models (including both moderator and mediating effects) of e-banking intention to use by customers in Vietnam. Furthermore, a set of model hypotheses presenting relationships among factors influencing e-banking intention to use have been set up. Practical implications and future studies were also discussed.

scholarly journals Perovskite-Based Catalysts as Efficient, Durable, and Economical NOx Storage and Reduction Systems

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
Jon A. Onrubia-Calvo ◽  
Beñat Pereda-Ayo ◽  
Juan R. González-Velasco
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Nox Reduction ◽  
Platinum Group Metals ◽  
Nox Storage ◽  
Automotive Application ◽  
Nox Removal ◽  
Nox Storage And Reduction ◽  
Nox Storage Capacity ◽  
Nox Removal Efficiency

Diesel engines operate under net oxidizing environment favoring lower fuel consumption and CO2 emissions than stoichiometric gasoline engines. However, NOx reduction and soot removal is still a technological challenge under such oxygen-rich conditions. Currently, NOx storage and reduction (NSR), also known as lean NOx trap (LNT), selective catalytic reduction (SCR), and hybrid NSR–SCR technologies are considered the most efficient control after treatment systems to remove NOx emission in diesel engines. However, NSR formulation requires high platinum group metals (PGMs) loads to achieve high NOx removal efficiency. This requisite increases the cost and reduces the hydrothermal stability of the catalyst. Recently, perovskites-type oxides (ABO3) have gained special attention as an efficient, economical, and thermally more stable alternative to PGM-based formulations in heterogeneous catalysis. Herein, this paper overviews the potential of perovskite-based formulations to reduce NOx from diesel engine exhaust gases throughout single-NSR and combined NSR–SCR technologies. In detail, the effect of the synthesis method and chemical composition over NO-to-NO2 conversion, NOx storage capacity, and NOx reduction efficiency is addressed. Furthermore, the NOx removal efficiency of optimal developed formulations is compared with respect to the current NSR model catalyst (1–1.5 wt % Pt–10–15 wt % BaO/Al2O3) in the absence and presence of SO2 and H2O in the feed stream, as occurs in the real automotive application. Main conclusions are finally summarized and future challenges highlighted.

scholarly journals Photo-Processes as Effective and Low-Cost Methods for Laundry Wastewater Treatment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Endang Tri Wahyuni
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Operational Cost ◽  
Tio2 Photocatalyst ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Effective Technique ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Fenton Reagents

In this chapter, surfactants as cleansing agent in detergent used in laundry, are described. The negative effects of the laundry wastewater on the environment and human health are highlighted. Several methods examined for laundry wastewater treatment are also illustrated. Among the treatment methods, photo-process in the presence of TiO2 photocatalyst and Fenton reagents are described in more detail. Furthermore, the factors influencing the effectiveness of photo-process including reagent dose, reaction time, and pH are discussed. Additionally, modifications of the photo-process to improve its performance that is associated with effectiveness and operational cost are also demonstrated. The photo-methods discussed in this chapter offered low-cost due to simplicity and effective technique for treating the laundry wastewater.

Increasing SCR NOx Removal From 85 to 93% at the Duke Power Cliffside Steam Station

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence R. Ake ◽  
Clayton A. Erickson ◽  
Linton K. Hutcheson
Keyword(s):  
Bituminous Coal ◽  
Nox Reduction ◽  
Nox Removal ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia ◽  
The Third ◽  
Catalyst Layers ◽  
Operating Level ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Design Value ◽  
Scr System

Tests were completed at the Duke Power Cliffside Steam Station on the Unit 5 SCR system to increase NOx removal from an initial design value of 85% to an in-use operating level of 93%. These tests took place from May 24 to May 26, 2004 at the start of the third OTAG season for the SCR that was furnished by Riley Power, Inc., a Babcock Power Inc. company. Unit 5 is a balanced draft, subcritical boiler that operates at 590 MW firing eastern bituminous coal. Two SCR reactors are installed at the economizer outlet of the boiler including economizer bypasses for low load operation. Anhydrous ammonia is the reagent for NOx reduction. Each reactor had two initial catalyst layers when the unit was tested.

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