Root:shoot ratios across China’s forests: Forest type and climatic effects

2012 ◽  
Vol 269 ◽  
pp. 19-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunjian Luo ◽  
Xiaoke Wang ◽  
Xiaoquan Zhang ◽  
Trevor H. Booth ◽  
Fei Lu
Keyword(s):  
Forest Type ◽  
Climatic Effects ◽  
Root:Shoot Ratios

An analysis of a Hackberry–American Elm–green Ash forest type at Moser Park, Allen County, Indiana

Rhodora ◽  
10.3119/15-17 ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 118 (974) ◽  
pp. 189-205
Author(s):  
Kellie D. Adkins ◽  
Judy A. Chang ◽  
Lee A. Danels ◽  
LeAra M. DeBruhl ◽  
Mark M. Ellison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Type ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
American Elm ◽  
Allen County

Dynamics in maturing Scots pine monoculture in north-east Belgium

1990 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Maddelein ◽  
N. Lust ◽  
S. Meyen ◽  
B. Muys
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Deschampsia Flexuosa ◽  
North East ◽  
Stand Conversion ◽  
Pine Stands

The  State Forest Pijnven, created early this century by afforestation with Scots  pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) of  heathland areas is now characterised in most stands by an important ingrowth  of deciduous tree species. Ingrowth is dominated by red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), both  species originating from North America.  Deciduous ingrowth in the pine stands profoundly influences herbal  composition of the stand. Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin., abundant in all older pine stands, disappears when  deciduous trees settle and species diversity, already low in the pine stands,  further diminishes. Important oak and cherry regeneration is depending on the  presence of seed trees in the vicinity; when lacking, a new pine generation  manages to settle. A good red oak regeneration can be useful as a basis for  stand conversion towards a mixed, uneven-aged deciduous forest type, but in  many cases this possibility is hampered by massive invasion of black cherry,  preventing all other species to regenerate.

The Bionomics and Importance ofGlossina Longipalpis, Wied., in the Gold Coast

1934 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. S. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Rain Forest ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Gold Coast ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Mammalian Fauna ◽  
High Positive Correlation ◽  
Game Animals

SummaryA detailed study of the bionomics ofGlossina longipalpis, Wied., was undertaken at Takoradi, the principal port of the Gold Coast in West Africa, and lasted from February to September 1931.The topography of this country is undulating; the vegetation is of Transition Forest type, intermediate in character between Rain Forest and Savannah Forest, and of an exceedingly dense, homogeneous nature, with a few small glades in the forest, and interrupted by large open marshes on the lower and flatter ground.The climate is remarkably equable, with a low mean annual rainfall between 40 and 45 inches, but constantly high humidities, owing to the moisture-laden sea-winds. There is a double rainy season, the main rains from April to July, and a second shorter period of rainfall in October and November.There is a rich mammalian fauna, with the exception of the larger game animals.Three species ofGlossinaoccur:G. longipalpis, Wied., the commonest, evenly distributed throughout the bush, and the only species dealt with in this paper;G. palpalis, R.-D., confined to water-courses and the edges of lagoons; andG. medicorum, Aust., rarely met with.Two isolated fly-belts, identical in every way, were studied. In one, section A, flies were caught and killed daily; in the other, section B, the control area, the flies were liberated after noting the catches. By September, the tsetse population of A had been reduced to less than one-third of that of B, presumably the effects of catching and killing.The main food hosts of this species were the bushbuck and duiker, ubiquitous in this forest. When these small game animals were driven out of a third fly-belt, section C, by farming and wood-cutting, the fly quickly and completely disappeared. This species was never found to feed on reptiles, although they were common in the fly-belts.Meteorological observations in the open country and in the fly-belts showed a consistently lower temperature and higher humidity in the latter, as well as its greater equity in these factors. The movement of the fly into the open was apparently governed by humidity, the greatest movement taking place when the humidity of the open was within the normal range of fly-belt humidity.By statistical methods, coefficients of correlation were determined for the fly's density-activity and various climatic factors of the fly-belt. The fly showed a high positive correlation with temperature, and a lower correlation with humidity, of which saturation deficit was a better index than atmometer evaporation. There was a significant correlation with sunshine, but none with rainfall. This correlation with humidity was mainly a temperature effect, as was also the correlation with sunshine. Temperature was evidently of major importance. There was a significant negative correlation between fly and relative humidity, measured with a wet and dry bulb hygrometer in a screen in the open.All correlations were greatest when considered direct, the fly catches with simultaneous climatic readings, indicating that these factors influence the activity of the fly in this way, rather than its density. The fly was found to be inactive at temperatures below 74°F., with high humidities of 80 or 90 per cent. or over. This explains the major influence of temperature, shown by the methods of correlations. The temperature range in the fly-belt, during the period of observations, was close to the temperature significant for the fly's activity, and therefore variations produced marked reactions; the humidity range was much closer to the fly's optimum and therefore better tolerated.There is marked daily rhythm in the fly's activity, which is only influenced by climate under extremely unfavourable conditions of temperature or humidity.The distribution ofG. longipalpisin the Gold Coast is dependent upon the humidity of the ecoclimate, rather than upon temperature. It occurs in three main vegetational types—Transition Forest, Inland Savannah Forest, and Coastal Savannah— where the range of humidities is between 50 and 80 per cent. R.H., and temperature between 75° and 85°F. It does not occur in the Rain Forest, where the relative humidity is constantly above 80 per cent., or in northern Savannah, where the humidity is as low as 30 per cent, in the dry season.The main breeding season was from March to July with its maximum in May, at the height of the rains.This species was found infected withTrypanosoma gambiense,T. congolense, andT. vivaxat Takoradi, and is probably second in importance toG. palpalisas a vector of sleeping sickness in the Gold Coast, but at present of less importance thanG. palpalisorG. tachinoidesin the transmission of trypanosomiasis of stock.The receding of the Ashanti forest and the present development of the Colony may cause even greater contact between this species of tsetse and man. The main policy for control should lie in improving and controlling the natives' methods of cultivating the bush. Farms should be as close to the village as possible, contiguous, and kept under cultivation, if possible, permanently. Clearings should be made of at least 100 yards width round bush villages, and of at least 200 yards width round important towns. Small clearings and isolated farms are considered a danger.

scholarly journals Sex and age-specific differences in wing pointedness and wing length in blackcaps Sylvia atricapilla migrating through the southern Baltic coast

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Ożarowska ◽  
Grzegorz Zaniewicz ◽  
Włodzimierz Meissner
Keyword(s):  
Wing Length ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
Sylvia Atricapilla ◽  
Climatic Effects ◽  
Migration Distance ◽  
Baltic Coast ◽  
Southern Baltic ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Migrating Birds

Abstract The blackcap Sylvia atricapilla shows a complex migratory pattern and is a suitable species for the studies of morphological migratory syndrome, including adaptations of wing shape to different migratory performance. Obligate migrants of this species that breed in northern, central, and Eastern Europe differ by migration distance and some cover shorter distance to the wintering grounds in the southern part of Europe/North Africa or the British Isles, although others migrate to sub-Saharan Africa. Based on ˃40 years of ringing data on blackcaps captured during autumn migration in the Southern Baltic region, we studied age- and sex-related correlations in wing pointedness and wing length of obligate blackcap migrants to understand the differences in migratory behavior of this species. Even though the recoveries of blackcaps were scarce, we reported some evidence that individuals which differ in migration distance differed also in wing length. We found that wing pointedness significantly increased with an increasing wing length of migrating birds, and adults had longer and more pointed wings than juvenile birds. This indicates stronger antipredator adaptation in juvenile blackcaps than selection on flight efficiency, which is particularly important during migration. Moreover, we documented more pronounced differences in wing length between adult and juvenile males and females. Such differences in wing length may enhance a faster speed of adult male blackcaps along the spring migration route and may be adaptive when taking into account climatic effects, which favor earlier arrival from migration to the breeding grounds.

Climatic effects of biomass burning

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Marshall ◽  
John A. Taylor ◽  
Robert J. Oglesby ◽  
Jay W. Larson ◽  
David J. Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Climatic Effects
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document