Crown transparency, tree mortality and stem growth of Pinus sylvestris, and colonization of Tomicus piniperda after an outbreak of Gremmeniella abietina

2011 ◽  
Vol 262 (12) ◽  
pp. 2108-2119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulf Sikström ◽  
Staffan Jacobson ◽  
Folke Pettersson ◽  
Jan Weslien
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Tomicus Piniperda ◽  
Crown Transparency

Predicting the mortality of Pinus sylvestris attacked by Gremmeniella abietina and occurrence of Tomicus piniperda colonization

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 860-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulf Sikström ◽  
Gunnar Jansson ◽  
Jan Weslien
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Tomicus Piniperda ◽  
Coniferous Species ◽  
Permanent Sample Plots ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Ct Value ◽  
Critical Range

The fungus Gremmeniella abietina (Lagerb.) Morelet is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere and causes scleroderris canker in several coniferous species. In Sweden, large areas, mainly with 30- to 40-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests, were attacked by the fungus in 2000. The main aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between tree crown transparency (CT) induced by G. abietina and P. sylvestris tree mortality. Furthermore, regeneration–colonization by Tomicus piniperda (L.) was monitored in the investigated stands. Thirty-five permanent sample plots were established in five P. sylvestris stands (38–46 years old) infected by G. abietina and located in the central part of Sweden. During the 2 years following the attack, the total tree mortality accounted for 380 trees·ha–1 and 6.2 m2·ha–1 on average in the five stands, corresponding to 35% of the trees and 27% of the basal area at the time of the attack. Galleries with broods of T. piniperda occurred in trees with a CT value higher than 97%. A model was derived for predicting the probability of P. sylvestris tree mortality. The mortality of individual trees was found to be related to CT, position of needle loss within the crown (CTPOS), and tree diameter at breast height. Furthermore, there was an interaction between CT and CTPOS and a tendency for CT and site to interact. For a P. sylvestris tree with a 0.16-m diameter at breast height and a CT value of 90% spread throughout the crown, the model indicated a mortality probability of 0.03. Above this CT value, the probability of mortality increased substantially. For coniferous species, irrespective of the cause of damage, a CT value of 90%–95% appears to be a critical range; any values greater than this indicate a high probability of mortality.

scholarly journals Effect of irrigation on needle morphology, shoot and stem growth in a drought-exposed Pinus sylvestris forest

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 346-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Dobbertin ◽  
B. Eilmann ◽  
P. Bleuler ◽  
A. Giuggiola ◽  
E. Graf Pannatier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Needle Morphology

Stem-growth response of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies to nitrogen fertilization as related to needle nitrogen concentration

Trees ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 208-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Sikström ◽  
Hans-Örjan Nohrstedt ◽  
Folke Pettersson ◽  
Staffan Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Stem Growth

Tree mortality caused by Diplodia shoot blight on Pinus sylvestris and other mediterranean pines

2022 ◽  
Vol 505 ◽  
pp. 119935
Author(s):  
Maria Caballol ◽  
Maia Ridley ◽  
Michele Colangelo ◽  
Cristina Valeriano ◽  
J. Julio Camarero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Shoot Blight

Selection of Overwintering Sites by Tomicus piniperda (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) during Fall Shoot Departure

2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toby R. Petrice ◽  
Robert A. Haack ◽  
Therese M. Poland
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Tomicus Piniperda ◽  
Scotch Pine ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Selection Of

Selection of overwintering sites at the base of Scotch pine, Pinus sylvestris L., trees by Tomicus piniperda (L.) adults was monitored in northwestern IN. We monitored adult movement five times during the period of 22 October 1998 to 31 January 1999 by dissecting shoots and trunks of four trees per sample date. For all adults collected, 100% were found in shoots on 22 October, 81% on 4 November, 10% on 18 November, 2% on 3 December, and <1% on 31 January. No overwintering adults were found on the lower trunks of trees sampled on 22 October. Some adults (N = 16) were found on 4 November, 1 day after the first subfreezing air temperatures were recorded. For all adults (N = 448) collected from lower trunks during the three sample periods in November and December, the mean height along the trunk where adults overwintered was 2.6 cm above the duff line. Mean overwintering height did not differ significantly among sample dates (P > 0.21). When distance along the trunk was divided into 5-cm intervals relative to the duff line, most adults were found either 0 to 5 cm above the duff line (48%) or below the duff line (32%). Overall, 98% of the overwintering adults were found at or below the 10-cm height level from the duff line and 99% were at or below the 25-cm height level. A significantly lower percentage of adults was found below the duff line on 4 November as compared to 18 November and 3 December. However, percentages of adults found in each 5-cm interval above the duff line did not differ significantly among sample dates. Overwintering adults were found above 20 cm from the duff line on 18 November and 3 December, but no adults were found above 8 cm on 4 November. Results suggest that the first adults to arrive at the tree base prefer to overwinter within the first 10 cm of the duff line but do not necessarily prefer the area closest to or below the duff line.

Unrevealing tree carbon allocation beyond the stress – a case study of heat and drought impacts on Pinus sylvestris

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romy Rehschuh ◽  
Andreas Gast ◽  
Andrea-Livia Jakab ◽  
Marco Lehmann ◽  
Matthias Saurer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Pulse Labelling ◽  
Stress Release ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Post Stress

<p>The resistance of trees to stress events has been studied intensively, however we know little on underlying processes affecting the recovery of trees following stress release. Hence, this clearly impairs our ability to project the resilience of trees and forests to an intensification of heatwaves and drought spells.</p><p>Here we studied the legacy effects of heat and heat-drought stress on carbon (C) allocation dynamics in Scots pine. We were particularly interested in how C allocation changes post heat and heat-drought stress and how this change in allocation affects tree growth. We exposed Pinus sylvestris seedlings to increasing temperatures from 30 to 40°C within 18 days either under well-watered or drought conditions and measured stem growth, leaf water potential and above- and belowground gas exchange. Two days after stress release, we conducted a <sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> pulse-labelling experiment in custom build single tree cuvettes (n=18) allowing us to continuously monitor <sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> shoot and root gas exchange. We then chased the fate of the newly assimilated C from leaves to roots via soluble sugars, starch and cellulose.</p><p>Our results showed that Pinus sylvestris is able to recover gas exchange following heat release immediately in the well-watered trees, while drought-treated trees recovered slightly slower. We found indications for a stress compensatory response of the previously heat-treated trees, which tended to translocate recent assimilates faster compared to the control trees as identified in the dynamics of water-soluble carbon in the phloem and root <sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> efflux. In addition, we found larger stem growth rates in the heat-treated trees which was also reflected by a larger investment of new assimilates to cellulose. In the trees that experienced both, heat and drought stress, C allocation differed strongly from the control trees as apparent in a half as fast C translocation from leaves to root respiration and large investments of new assimilates into starch. This delayed translocation but enhanced allocation towards C storage in needle tissues was reflected in a delayed recovery of stem growth and very low detection of the <sup>13</sup>C signal in twig, root and stem cellulose. We can conclude that heatwaves of 40°C have relatively moderate responses on C allocation post-stress, whereas hot drought stress clearly affects C allocation as indicated by a delayed C transport capacity and a preferential allocation towards C storage in needle tissues. This could indicate that C allocation following hot drought stress is affected by an impaired phloem functionality, which only slowly recovers post-stress.</p>

scholarly journals Resistance of a lowland rain forest to increasing drought intensity in Sabah, Borneo

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 613-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Newbery ◽  
M. Lingenfelder
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Rain Forest ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Lowland Rain Forest ◽  
Drought Intensity ◽  
Tree Survival ◽  
Climatic Environment ◽  
Absolute Growth

Occasional strong droughts are an important feature of the climatic environment of tropical rain forest in much of Borneo. This paper compares the response of a lowland dipterocarp forest at Danum, Sabah, in a period of low (LDI) and a period of high (HDI) drought intensity (1986–96, 9.98 y; 1996–99, 2.62 y). Mean annual drought intensity was two-fold higher in the HDI than LDI period (1997 v. 976 mm), and each period had one moderately strong main drought (viz. 1992, 1998). Mortality of ‘all’ trees ≥10 cm gbh (girth at breast height) and stem growth rates of ‘small’ trees 10–<50 cm gbh were measured in sixteen 0.16-ha subplots (half on ridge, half on lower slope sites) within two 4-ha plots. These 10–50-cm trees were composed largely of true understorey species. A new procedure was developed to correct for the effect of differences in length of census interval when comparing tree mortality rates. Mortality rates of small trees declined slightly but not significantly between the LDI and HDI periods (1.53 to 1.48% y−1): mortality of all trees showed a similar pattern. Relative growth rates declined significantly by 23% from LDI to HDI periods (11.1 to 8.6 mm m−1 y−1): for absolute growth rates the decrease was 28% (2.45 to 1.77 mm y−1). Neither mortality nor growth rates were significantly influenced by topography. For small trees, across subplots, absolute growth rate was positively correlated in the LDI period, but negatively correlated in the HDI period, with mortality rate. There was no consistent pattern in the responses among the 19 most abundant species (n≥50 trees) which included a proposed drought-tolerant guild. In terms of tree survival, the forest at Danum was resistant to increasing drought intensity, but showed decreased stem growth attributable to increasing water stress.

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