Spontaneous organic cocoa bean box fermentations in Brazil are characterized by a restricted species diversity of lactic acid bacteria and acetic acid bacteria

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 1326-1338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoi Papalexandratou ◽  
Gino Vrancken ◽  
Katrien De Bruyne ◽  
Peter Vandamme ◽  
Luc De Vuyst
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Acetic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Cocoa Bean

scholarly journals Dynamics and Biodiversity of Populations of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Acetic Acid Bacteria Involved in Spontaneous Heap Fermentation of Cocoa Beans in Ghana

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 1809-1824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Camu ◽  
Tom De Winter ◽  
Kristof Verbrugghe ◽  
Ilse Cleenwerck ◽  
Peter Vandamme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Acetic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Cocoa Bean ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Cocoa Bean Fermentation ◽  
Leuconostoc Pseudomesenteroides

ABSTRACT The Ghanaian cocoa bean heap fermentation process was studied through a multiphasic approach, encompassing both microbiological and metabolite target analyses. A culture-dependent (plating and incubation, followed by repetitive-sequence-based PCR analyses of picked-up colonies) and culture-independent (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis [DGGE] of 16S rRNA gene amplicons, PCR-DGGE) approach revealed a limited biodiversity and targeted population dynamics of both lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and acetic acid bacteria (AAB) during fermentation. Four main clusters were identified among the LAB isolated: Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, and Enterococcus casseliflavus. Other taxa encompassed, for instance, Weissella. Only four clusters were found among the AAB identified: Acetobacter pasteurianus, Acetobacter syzygii-like bacteria, and two small clusters of Acetobacter tropicalis-like bacteria. Particular strains of L. plantarum, L. fermentum, and A. pasteurianus, originating from the environment, were well adapted to the environmental conditions prevailing during Ghanaian cocoa bean heap fermentation and apparently played a significant role in the cocoa bean fermentation process. Yeasts produced ethanol from sugars, and LAB produced lactic acid, acetic acid, ethanol, and mannitol from sugars and/or citrate. Whereas L. plantarum strains were abundant in the beginning of the fermentation, L. fermentum strains converted fructose into mannitol upon prolonged fermentation. A. pasteurianus grew on ethanol, mannitol, and lactate and converted ethanol into acetic acid. A newly proposed Weissella sp., referred to as “Weissella ghanaensis,” was detected through PCR-DGGE analysis in some of the fermentations and was only occasionally picked up through culture-based isolation. Two new species of Acetobacter were found as well, namely, the species tentatively named“ Acetobacter senegalensis” (A. tropicalis-like) and “Acetobacter ghanaensis” (A. syzygii-like).

scholarly journals Indigenous Yeast, Lactic Acid Bacteria, and Acetic Acid Bacteria from Cocoa Bean Fermentation in Indonesia Can Inhibit Fungal-Growth-Producing Mycotoxins

Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 192
Author(s):  
Endang Sutriswati Rahayu ◽  
Rokhmat Triyadi ◽  
Rosyida N. B. Khusna ◽  
Titiek Farianti Djaafar ◽  
Tyas Utami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Acetic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Starter Cultures ◽  
Cocoa Bean ◽  
Cocoa Bean Fermentation ◽  
Candida Famata

Cocoa bean fermentation is an important process in the manufacturing of cocoa products. It involves microbes, such as lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and acetic acid bacteria. The presence of mold in cocoa bean fermentation is undesired, as it reduces the quality and may produce mycotoxins, which can cause poisoning and death. Aspergillus niger is a fungus that produces ochratoxin A, which is often found in dried agricultural products such as seeds and cereals. In this study, we applied indigenous Candida famata HY-37, Lactobacillus plantarum HL-15, and Acetobacter spp. HA-37 as starter cultures for cocoa bean fermentation. We found that the use of L. plantarum HL-15 individually or in combination Candida famata HY-37, Lactobacillus plantarum HL-15, and Acetobacter spp. HA-37 as a starter for cocoa bean fermentation can inhibit the growth of A. niger YAC-9 and the synthesis of ochratoxin A during fermentation and drying. With biological methods that use indigenous Lactobacillus plantarum HL-15 individually or in combination with Candida famata HY-37 and Acetobacter spp. HA-37, we successfully inhibited contamination by ochratoxin-A-producing fungi. Thus, the three indigenous microbes should be used in cocoa bean fermentation to inhibit the growth of fungi that produce mycotoxins and thus improve the quality.

scholarly journals Kinetic Analysis of Strains of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Acetic Acid Bacteria in Cocoa Pulp Simulation Media toward Development of a Starter Culture for Cocoa Bean Fermentation

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (23) ◽  
pp. 7708-7716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Lefeber ◽  
Maarten Janssens ◽  
Nicholas Camu ◽  
Luc De Vuyst
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Starter Culture ◽  
Acetic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Cocoa Bean ◽  
Cocoa Bean Fermentation ◽  
Acid Tolerant ◽  
Species Specific

ABSTRACT The composition of cocoa pulp simulation media (PSM) was optimized with species-specific strains of lactic acid bacteria (PSM-LAB) and acetic acid bacteria (PSM-AAB). Also, laboratory fermentations were carried out in PSM to investigate growth and metabolite production of strains of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus fermentum and of Acetobacter pasteurianus isolated from Ghanaian cocoa bean heap fermentations, in view of the development of a defined starter culture. In a first step, a selection of strains was made out of a pool of strains of these LAB and AAB species, obtained from previous studies, based on their fermentation kinetics in PSM. Also, various concentrations of citric acid in the presence of glucose and/or fructose (PSM-LAB) and of lactic acid in the presence of ethanol (PSM-AAB) were tested. These data could explain the competitiveness of particular cocoa-specific strains, namely, L. plantarum 80 (homolactic and acid tolerant), L. fermentum 222 (heterolactic, citric acid fermenting, mannitol producing, and less acid tolerant), and A. pasteurianus 386B (ethanol and lactic acid oxidizing, acetic acid overoxidizing, acid tolerant, and moderately heat tolerant), during the natural cocoa bean fermentation process. For instance, it turned out that the capacity to use citric acid, which was exhibited by L. fermentum 222, is of the utmost importance. Also, the formation of mannitol was dependent not only on the LAB strain but also on environmental conditions. A mixture of L. plantarum 80, L. fermentum 222, and A. pasteurianus 386B can now be considered a mixed-strain starter culture for better controlled and more reliable cocoa bean fermentation processes.

scholarly journals Metagenome-assembled genomes contributes to unravel the microbiome of cocoa fermentation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.G.G. Almeida ◽  
E.C.P De Martinis
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Acetic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Microbial Succession ◽  
Metabolic Potential ◽  
Short Reads ◽  
Leuconostoc Pseudomesenteroides ◽  
Cocoa Fermentation

Metagenomic studies about cocoa fermentation have mainly reported on the analysis of short reads for determination of Operational Taxonomic Units. However, it is also important to determine MAGs, which are genomes deriving from the assembly of metagenomics. For this research, all the cocoa metagenomes from public databases were downloaded, resulting in five datasets: one from Ghana and four from Brazil. Besides, in silico approaches were used to describe putative phenotypes and metabolic potential of MAGs. A total of 17 high-quality MAGs were recovered from these microbiomes, as follows: (i) fungi - Yamadazyma tenuis (n=1); (ii) lactic acid bacteria - Limosilactobacillus fermentum (n=5), Liquorilactobacillus cacaonum (n=1) , Liquorilactobacillus nagelli (n=1), Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides (n=1) and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum (n=1); (iii) acetic acid bacteria - Acetobacter senegalensis (n=2) and Kozakia baliensis (n=1) and (iv) Bacillus subtilis (n=1) Brevundimonas sp. (n=2) and Pseudomonas sp. (n=1). Medium-quality MAGs were also recovered from cocoa microbiomes, including some detected for the first time in this environment ( Liquorilactobacillus vini , Komagataeibacter saccharivorans and Komagataeibacter maltaceti ) and other previously described ( Fructobacillus pseudoficulneus and Acetobacter pasteurianus ). Taken all together, the MAGs were useful to provide an additional description of the microbiome of cocoa fermentation, revealing previously overlooked microorganisms, with prediction of key phenotypes and biochemical pathways. Importance The production of chocolate starts with the harvesting of cocoa fruits and the spontaneous fermentation of the seeds, in a microbial succession that depends on yeasts, lactic acid bacteria and acetic acid bacteria in order to eliminate bitter and astringent compounds present in the raw material, which will be further roasted and grinded to originate the cocoa powder that will enter the food processing industry. The microbiota of cocoa fermentation is not completely know, and yet it advanced from culture-based studies to the advent of Next Generation DNA sequencing, with the generation of a myriad of data, that need bioinformatic approaches to be properly analysed. Although the majority metagenomic of studies have been based on short reads (OTUs), it is also important to analyse entire genomes to determine more precisely possible ecological roles of different species. Metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) are very useful for this purpose, and in this paper, MAGs from cocoa fermentation microbiomes were described, as well the possible implications of their phenotypic and metabolic potentials are discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of starter culture and inulin addition on microbial viability, texture, and chemical characteristics of whole or skim milk Kefir

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 580-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávia Daiana Montanuci ◽  
Tatiana Colombo Pimentel ◽  
Sandra Garcia ◽  
Sandra Helena Prudencio
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Starter Culture ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Acetic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Microbial Viability ◽  
Lactose Concentration ◽  
Textural Changes

The effect of inulin addition and starters (Kefir grains or commercial starter culture) on the microbial viability, texture, and chemical characteristics of Kefir beverages prepared with whole or skim milk was evaluated during refrigerated storage. The type of starter did not influence microbial viability during the storage of the beverages, but the chemical and textural changes (decreases in pH, lactose concentration, and inulin and increased acidity, firmness, and syneresis) were more pronounced in the formulations fermented with grains than those fermented with the starter culture. The addition of inulin did not influence acidity or viability of lactic acid bacteria, but in general, its effect on the survival of acetic acid bacteria, Lactococcus and yeasts, firmness, and syneresis depended on the type of milk and starter culture used. Generally, the yeast, acetic acid bacteria, and Leuconostoc counts increased or remained unchanged, while the total population of lactic acid bacteria and Lactococcus were either reduced by 1 to 2 logs or remained unchanged during storage.

scholarly journals Influence of Turning and Environmental Contamination on the Dynamics of Populations of Lactic Acid and Acetic Acid Bacteria Involved in Spontaneous Cocoa Bean Heap Fermentation in Ghana

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Camu ◽  
Ángel González ◽  
Tom De Winter ◽  
Ann Van Schoor ◽  
Katrien De Bruyne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Environmental Contamination ◽  
Acetic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Cocoa Bean ◽  
Relative Population ◽  
Acetobacter Pasteurianus ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Dynamics Of Populations ◽  
Culture Dependent

ABSTRACT The influence of turning and environmental contamination on six spontaneous cocoa bean heap fermentations performed in Ghana was studied through a multiphasic approach, encompassing both microbiological (culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques) and metabolite target analyses. A sensory analysis of chocolate made from the fermented, dried beans was performed as well. Only four clusters were found among the isolates of acetic acid bacteria (AAB) identified: Acetobacter pasteurianus, Acetobacter ghanensis, Acetobacter senegalensis, and a potential new Acetobacter lovaniensis-like species. Two main clusters were identified among the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated, namely, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus fermentum. No differences in biodiversity of LAB and AAB were seen for fermentations carried out at the farm and factory sites, indicating the cocoa pod surfaces and not the general environment as the main inoculum for spontaneous cocoa bean heap fermentation. Turning of the heaps enhanced aeration and increased the relative population size of AAB and the production of acetic acid. This in turn gave a more sour taste to chocolate made from these beans. Bitterness was reduced through losses of polyphenols and alkaloids upon fermentation and cocoa bean processing.

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