Within season and carry-over effects following exposure of grassland species mixtures to increasing background ozone

2011 ◽  
Vol 159 (10) ◽  
pp. 2420-2426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felicity Hayes ◽  
Gina Mills ◽  
Harry Harmens ◽  
Kirsten Wyness
Keyword(s):  
Grassland Species ◽  
Background Ozone ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Species Mixtures

scholarly journals Selection in response to community diversity alters plant performance and functional traits

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia J. van Moorsel ◽  
Marc W. Schmid ◽  
Terhi Hahl ◽  
Debra Zuppinger-Dingley ◽  
Bernhard Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Functional Trait ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Conservation Practice ◽  
Grassland Species ◽  
Selection History ◽  
Species Mixtures ◽  
Biodiversity Effects

In grassland biodiversity experiments the positive biodiversity−ecosystem functioning relationship generally increases over time. However, we know little about the underlying short-term evolutionary processes. Using five plant species selected for twelve years in a biodiversity experiment in mixture or monoculture and plants without such a selection history, we assessed whether differential selection altered productivity, biodiversity effects, and functional trait differences within newly assembled monocultures and 2-species mixtures. Plants without past community selection history produced the lowest assemblage biomass and showed the weakest biodiversity effects. In newly assembled mixtures, plants with a selection history in mixtures produced more biomass than plants with a monoculture selection history. Biodiversity effects were generally positive and differed significantly between selection histories. However, contrary to our expectations, biodiversity effects were not stronger for mixture-type plants. Biodiversity effects were influenced by both trait differences between plants and community-weighted means, but these relationships were mostly independent of selection history. Our findings suggest that twelve years of selection history in monocultures or species mixtures differentiated plants of each species into monoculture-and mixture-types. Such rapid evolution of different community-types within grassland species and its effect on ecosystem services and functioning are likely to be important for species conservation practice.

Chronic exposure to increasing background ozone impairs stomatal functioning in grassland species

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1522-1533 ◽  
Author(s):  
GINA MILLS ◽  
FELICITY HAYES ◽  
SALLY WILKINSON ◽  
WILLIAM J. DAVIES
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Grassland Species ◽  
Background Ozone ◽  
Stomatal Functioning

scholarly journals Increased Plant Carbon Translocation Linked to Overyielding in Grassland Species Mixtures

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. e45926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerlinde B. De Deyn ◽  
Helen Quirk ◽  
Simon Oakley ◽  
Nick J. Ostle ◽  
Richard D. Bardgett
Keyword(s):  
Grassland Species ◽  
Carbon Translocation ◽  
Species Mixtures

scholarly journals Evolution of species complementarity in response to drought in a grassland biodiversity experiment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuxin Chen ◽  
Anja Vogel ◽  
Cameron Wagg ◽  
Tianyang Xu ◽  
Maitane Iturrate-Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Functioning ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Drought Event ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Climatic Extremes ◽  
Grassland Species ◽  
Extreme Climatic Events ◽  
Grassland Biodiversity ◽  
Species Mixtures ◽  
Biodiversity Effects

Abstract Growing threats from extreme climatic events and biodiversity loss have raised concerns about their interactive consequences for ecosystem functioning. Evidence suggests that biodiversity is crucial to buffer ecosystem functioning facing climatic extremes. However, whether evolutionary processes in species mixtures underpin such biodiversity-dependent stabilizing effects remains elusive. We tested this hypothesis by exposing experimental mixtures of grassland species to eight recurrent summer droughts vs. control in the field. Seed offspring of 12 species were subsequently grown individually, in monocultures or in 2-species mixtures and subjected to a novel drought event in the glasshouse. Comparing mixtures with monocultures, drought-selected plants showed greater between-species complementarity than ambient-selected plants when recovering from the drought event, which led to greater biodiversity effects on community productivity and better recovery of drought-selected mixtures after the drought. These findings suggest biodiversity can buffer the impacts of extreme climatic events through evolution of species complementarity.

Reduced soil water availability did not protect two competing grassland species from the negative effects of increasing background ozone

2012 ◽  
Vol 165 ◽  
pp. 91-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena Wagg ◽  
Gina Mills ◽  
Felicity Hayes ◽  
Sally Wilkinson ◽  
David Cooper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Soil Water Availability ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Grassland Species ◽  
Background Ozone

Minimizing Carry-Over Effects After Treatment Failure and Maximizing Therapeutic Outcome

2014 ◽  
Vol 222 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mareile Hofmann ◽  
Nathalie Wrobel ◽  
Simon Kessner ◽  
Ulrike Bingel
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Failure ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Subsequent Treatment ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Administration Route ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Analgesic Treatment ◽  
Balanced Design ◽  
Carry Over

According to experimental and clinical evidence, the experiences of previous treatments are carried over to different therapeutic approaches and impair the outcome of subsequent treatments. In this behavioral pilot study we used a change in administration route to investigate whether the effect of prior treatment experience on a subsequent treatment depends on the similarity of both treatments. We experimentally induced positive or negative experiences with a topical analgesic treatment in two groups of healthy human subjects. Subsequently, we compared responses to a second, unrelated and systemic analgesic treatment between both the positive and negative group. We found that there was no difference in the analgesic response to the second treatment between the two groups. Our data indicate that a change in administration route might reduce the influence of treatment history and therefore be a way to reduce negative carry-over effects after treatment failure. Future studies will have to validate these findings in a fully balanced design including larger, clinical samples.

Does CBT for Psychosis Have an Impact on Delusions by Improving Reasoning Biases and Negative Self-Schemas?

2018 ◽  
Vol 226 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Mehl ◽  
Björn Schlier ◽  
Tania M. Lincoln
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Intervention Effect ◽  
Produce Change ◽  
Attribution Biases ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Reasoning Biases

Abstract. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for psychosis (CBTp) builds on theoretical models that postulate reasoning biases and negative self-schemas to be involved in the formation and maintenance of delusions. However, it is unclear whether CBTp induces change in delusions by improving these proposed causal mechanisms. This study reports on a mediation analysis of a CBTp effectiveness trial in which delusions were a secondary outcome. Patients with psychosis were randomized to individualized CBTp (n = 36) or a waiting list condition (WL; n = 34). Reasoning biases (jumping to conclusions, theory of mind, attribution biases) and self-schemas (implicit and explicit self-esteem; self-schemas related to different domains) were assessed pre- and post-therapy/WL. The results reveal an intervention effect on two of four measures of delusions and on implicit self-esteem. Nevertheless, the intervention effect on delusions was not mediated by implicit self-esteem. Changes in explicit self-schemas and reasoning biases did also not mediate the intervention effects on delusions. More focused interventions may be required to produce change in reasoning and self-schemas that have the potential to carry over to delusions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document