scholarly journals Effects of low-level inhalation exposure to carbon dioxide in indoor environments: A short review on human health and psychomotor performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 121 ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenichi Azuma ◽  
Naoki Kagi ◽  
U. Yanagi ◽  
Haruki Osawa
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Psychomotor Performance ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Low Level

scholarly journals Low Level Carbon Dioxide Indoors—A Pollution Indicator or a Pollutant? A Health-Based Perspective

Environments ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Scott D. Lowther ◽  
Sani Dimitroulopoulou ◽  
Kerry Foxall ◽  
Clive Shrubsole ◽  
Emily Cheek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Co2 Concentrations ◽  
Pollution Indicator ◽  
Reported Health ◽  
Study Designs

With modern populations in developed countries spending approximately 90% of their time indoors, and with carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations inside being able to accumulate to much greater concentrations than outdoors, it is important to identify the health effects associated with the exposure to low-level CO2 concentrations (<5000 ppm) typically seen in indoor environments in buildings (non-industrial environments). Although other reviews have summarised the effects of CO2 exposure on health, none have considered the individual study designs of investigations and factored that into the level of confidence with which CO2 and health effects can be associated, nor commented on how the reported health effects of exposure correspond to existing guideline concentrations. This investigation aimed to (a) evaluate the reported health effects and physiological responses associated with exposure to less than 5000 parts per million (ppm) of CO2 and (b) to assess the CO2 guideline and limit concentrations in the context of (a). Of the 51 human investigations assessed, many did not account for confounding factors, the prior health of participants or cross-over effects. Although there is some evidence linking CO2 exposures with health outcomes, such as reductions in cognitive performance or sick building syndrome (SBS) symptoms, much of the evidence is conflicting. Therefore, given the shortcomings in study designs and conflicting results, it is difficult to say with confidence whether low-level CO2 exposures indoors can be linked to health outcomes. To improve the epidemiological value of future investigations linking CO2 with health, studies should aim to control or measure confounding variables, collect comprehensive accounts of participants’ prior health and avoid cross-over effects. Although it is difficult to link CO2 itself with health effects at exposures less than 5000 ppm, the existing guideline concentrations (usually reported for 8 h, for schools and offices), which suggest that CO2 levels <1000 ppm represent good indoor air quality and <1500 ppm are acceptable for the general population, appear consistent with the current research.

Evaluating Performance Effects of Low-Level Inhalation Exposure to Nerve Agents in Rats

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond F. Genovese ◽  
◽  
Sara J. Shippee ◽  
Jessica Bonnell ◽  
Bernard J. Benton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Nerve Agents ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Performance Effects

Toxic Effects of Sarin in Rats at Three Months Following Single or Repeated Low-Level Inhalation Exposure

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Kassa ◽  
Miroslav Pecka ◽  
Miloš Tichý ◽  
Jiří Bajgar ◽  
Marie Koupilová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Low Level

Carbon Dioxide as a Carbon Resource – Recent Trends and Perspectives

2012 ◽  
Vol 67 (10) ◽  
pp. 961-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Hölscher ◽  
Christoph Gürtler ◽  
Wilhelm Keim ◽  
Thomas E. Müller ◽  
Martina Peters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Chemical Research ◽  
Bond Forming ◽  
Bulk Chemicals ◽  
High Thermodynamic Stability ◽  
Recent Trends

With the growing perception of industrialized societies that fossil raw materials are limited resources, academic chemical research and chemical industry have started to introduce novel catalytic technologies which aim at the development of economically competitive processes relying much more strongly on the use of alternative carbon feedstocks. Great interest is given world-wide to carbon dioxide (CO2) as it is part of the global carbon cycle, nontoxic, easily available in sufficient quantities anywhere in the industrialized world, and can be managed technically with ease, and at low cost. In principle carbon dioxide can be used to generate a large variety of synthetic products ranging from bulk chemicals like methanol and formic acid, through polymeric materials, to fine chemicals like aromatic acids useful in the pharmaceutical industry. Owing to the high thermodynamic stability of CO2, the energy constraints of chemical reactions have to be carefully analyzed to select promising processes. Furthermore, the high kinetic barriers for incorporation of CO2 into C-H or C-C bond forming reactions require that any novel transformation of CO2 must inevitably be associated with a novel catalytic technology. This short review comprises a selection of the most recent academic and industrial research developments mainly with regard to innovations in CO2 chemistry in the field of homogeneous catalysis and processes.

Direct human health risks of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
pp. 691-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler A. Jacobson ◽  
Jasdeep S. Kler ◽  
Michael T. Hernke ◽  
Rudolf K. Braun ◽  
Keith C. Meyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Human Health Risks ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon

scholarly journals Assessment of Human Health Risk due to Inhalation Exposure in Cattle and Pig Farms in South Moravia

2005 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Čupr ◽  
M. Škarek ◽  
T. Bartoš ◽  
M. Cigánek ◽  
I. Holoubek
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Pig Farms ◽  
South Moravia

scholarly journals On the Formation of COS from H2S and CO2 in the Presence of Zeolite/Salt Compounds

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 577-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Lutz ◽  
Andreas Seidel ◽  
Bruno Boddenberg
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Hydrogen Sulphide ◽  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Gaseous Mixture ◽  
Degree Of Conversion ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Sodium Cations

A gaseous mixture of hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide (20% H2S, 80% CO2) was brought into contact at 25°C with NaY and NaX zeolites in an as-synthesized form as well as after modification by the inclusion of salts (NaCl, NaBr) in the small cages of the aluminosilicate framework and ion exchange with aqueous CaCl2 solution. At small contact times (5 h), the degree of conversion of H2S according to the reaction H2S + CO2 → COS + H2O by the various samples was found to follow the sequence NaY/NaCl ≈ NaY/NaBr ≈ NaX/NaCl(CaCl2) < NaY « NaX/NaCl ≈ NaX. Long-term runs with NaY and NaY/NaBr revealed that the latter zeolite retained a very low level of H2S conversion for contact times as long as 250 h. It is concluded that such low H2S conversion requires the absence of low-coordinated sodium cations in the supercages or their replacement by calcium ions, and blocking of the β-cages with salt anions.

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