Consumption of market goods and wellbeing in small-scale societies: An empirical test among the Tsimane' in the Bolivian Amazon

2012 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
pp. 213-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Masferrer-Dodas ◽  
Luis Rico-Garcia ◽  
Tomás Huanca ◽  
Victoria Reyes-García
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Test ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Bolivian Amazon

scholarly journals Does Weather Forecasting Relate to Foraging Productivity? An Empirical Test among Three Hunter-Gatherer Societies

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Reyes-García ◽  
Álvaro Fernández-Llamazares ◽  
Maximilien Guèze ◽  
Sandrine Gallois
Keyword(s):  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Congo Basin ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Hunting And Gathering ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Gathering Data

Abstract Previous research has studied the association between ethnoclimatological knowledge and decision-making in agriculture and pastoral activities but has paid scant attention to how ethnoclimatological knowledge might affect hunting and gathering, an important economic activity for many rural populations. The work presented here tests whether people who can forecast temperature and rain display higher hunting and gathering returns (measured as kilograms per hour for hunting and cash equivalent for gathering). Data were collected among three indigenous, small-scale, subsistence-based societies largely dependent on hunting and gathering for their livelihoods: the Tsimane’ (Amazonia, n = 107), the Baka (Congo basin, n = 164), and the Punan Tubu (Borneo, n = 103).The ability to forecast rainfall and temperature varied from one society to another, but the average consistency between people’s 1-day rainfall and temperature forecasts and instrumental measurements was low. This study found a statistically significant positive association between consistency in forecasting rain and the probability that a person engaged in hunting. Conversely, neither consistency in forecasting rain nor consistency in forecasting temperature were associated in a statistically significant way with actual returns to hunting or gathering activities. The authors discuss methodological limitations of the approach, suggesting improvements for future work. This study concludes that, other than methodological issues, the lack of strong associations might be partly explained by the fact that an important characteristic of local knowledge systems, including ethnoclimatological knowledge, is that they are widely socialized and shared.

Inequality in social rank and adult nutritional status: Evidence from a small-scale society in the Bolivian Amazon

2009 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Reyes-García ◽  
Jose Luis Molina ◽  
Thomas W. McDade ◽  
Susan N. Tanner ◽  
Tomas Huanca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Bolivian Amazon

scholarly journals An empirical test of the role of small-scale transmission in large-scale disease dynamics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph R. Mihaljevic ◽  
Carlos M. Polivka ◽  
Constance J. Mehmel ◽  
Chentong Li ◽  
Vanja Dukic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Unconstrained Model

AbstractA key assumption of models of infectious disease is that population-scale spread is driven by transmission between host individuals at small scales. This assumption, however, is rarely tested, likely because observing disease transmission between host individuals is non-trivial in many infectious diseases. Quantifying the transmission of insect baculoviruses at a small scale is in contrast straightforward. We fit a disease model to data from baculovirus epizootics (= epidemics in animals) at the scale of whole forests, while using prior parameter distributions constructed from branch-scale experiments. Our experimentally-constrained model fits the large-scale data very well, supporting the role of small-scale transmission mechanisms in baculovirus epizootics. We further compared our experimentally-based model to an unconstrained model that ignores our experimental data, serving as a proxy for models that include large-scale mechanisms. This analysis supports our hypothesis that small-scale mechanisms are important, especially individual variability in host susceptibility to the virus. Comparison of transmission rates in the two models, however, suggests that large-scale mechanisms increase transmission compared to our experimental estimates. Our study shows that small-scale and large-scale mechanisms drive forest-wide epizootics of baculoviruses, and that synthesizing mathematical models with data collected across scales is key to understanding the spread of infectious disease.

scholarly journals An Empirical Test of the Role of Small-Scale Transmission in Large-Scale Disease Dynamics

2020 ◽  
Vol 195 (4) ◽  
pp. 616-635
Author(s):  
Joseph R. Mihaljevic ◽  
Carlos M. Polivka ◽  
Constance J. Mehmel ◽  
Chentong Li ◽  
Vanja Dukic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Disease Dynamics

scholarly journals A novel length-based empirical estimation method of spawning potential ratio (SPR), and tests of its performance, for small-scale, data-poor fisheries

2014 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Hordyk ◽  
Kotaro Ono ◽  
Sarah Valencia ◽  
Neil Loneragan ◽  
Jeremy Prince
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Test ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Size Composition ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Empirical Estimation ◽  
Input Parameters ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Methods ◽  
Spawning Potential Ratio ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The spawning potential ratio (SPR) is a well-established biological reference point, and estimates of SPR could be used to inform management decisions for data-poor fisheries. Simulations were used to investigate the utility of the length-based model (LB-SPR) developed in Hordyk et al. (2015). Some explorations of the life history ratios to describe length composition, spawning-per-recruit, and the spawning potential ratio. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 72: 204–216.) to estimate the SPR of a stock directly from the size composition of the catch. This was done by (i) testing some of the main assumptions of the LB-SPR model, including recruitment variability and dome-shaped selectivity, (ii) examining the sensitivity of the model to error in the input parameters, and (iii) completing an initial empirical test for the LB-SPR model by applying it to data from a well-studied species. The method uses maximum likelihood methods to find the values of relative fishing mortality (F/M) and selectivity-at-length that minimize the difference between the observed and the expected length composition of the catch, and calculates the resulting SPR. When parameterized with the correct input parameters, the LB-SPR model returned accurate estimates of F/M and SPR. With high variability in annual recruitment, the estimates of SPR became increasingly unreliable. The usefulness of the LB-SPR method was tested empirically by comparing the results predicted by the method with those for a well-described species with known length and age composition data. The results from this comparison suggest that the LB-SPR method has potential to provide a tool for the cost-effective assessment of data-poor fisheries. However, the model is sensitive to non-equilibrium dynamics, and requires accurate estimates of the three parameters (M/k, L∞, and CVL∞). Care must be taken to evaluate the validity of the assumptions and the biological parameters when the model is applied to data-poor fisheries.

Small-scale Aquaculture in the Bolivian Amazon

2017 ◽  
pp. 89-102
Author(s):  
Tiffanie Rainville ◽  
Sean Irwin ◽  
Verónica R. Hinojosa Sardán ◽  
Cintya Castellón Antezana ◽  
Widen Abastoflor Sauma
Keyword(s):  
Small Scale ◽  
Bolivian Amazon

Reasons to strike first

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Buckner ◽  
Luke Glowacki
Keyword(s):  
Intergroup Conflict ◽  
Small Scale

Abstract De Dreu and Gross predict that attackers will have more difficulty winning conflicts than defenders. As their analysis is presumed to capture the dynamics of decentralized conflict, we consider how their framework compares with ethnographic evidence from small-scale societies, as well as chimpanzee patterns of intergroup conflict. In these contexts, attackers have significantly more success in conflict than predicted by De Dreu and Gross's model. We discuss the possible reasons for this disparity.

Exploring Coronal Structures with SOHO

2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 403-406
Author(s):  
M. Karovska ◽  
B. Wood ◽  
J. Chen ◽  
J. Cook ◽  
R. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Solar Corona ◽  
Image Enhancement ◽  
Coronal Mass Ejections ◽  
Dynamical Evolution ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Contrast Structures ◽  
Scale Structures ◽  
Small Scale Structures ◽  
Coronal Structures

AbstractWe applied advanced image enhancement techniques to explore in detail the characteristics of the small-scale structures and/or the low contrast structures in several Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) observed by SOHO. We highlight here the results from our studies of the morphology and dynamical evolution of CME structures in the solar corona using two instruments on board SOHO: LASCO and EIT.

Scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy: New tools for biology

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 778-779
Author(s):  
CE Bracker ◽  
P. K. Hansma
Keyword(s):  
Physical Property ◽  
Scanning Probe ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
New Family ◽  
Small Probe ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Transmission Electron

A new family of scanning probe microscopes has emerged that is opening new horizons for investigating the fine structure of matter. The earliest and best known of these instruments is the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). First published in 1982, the STM earned the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics for two of its inventors, G. Binnig and H. Rohrer. They shared the prize with E. Ruska for his work that had led to the development of the transmission electron microscope half a century earlier. It seems appropriate that the award embodied this particular blend of the old and the new because it demonstrated to the world a long overdue respect for the enormous contributions electron microscopy has made to the understanding of matter, and at the same time it signalled the dawn of a new age in microscopy. What we are seeing is a revolution in microscopy and a redefinition of the concept of a microscope.Several kinds of scanning probe microscopes now exist, and the number is increasing. What they share in common is a small probe that is scanned over the surface of a specimen and measures a physical property on a very small scale, at or near the surface. Scanning probes can measure temperature, magnetic fields, tunneling currents, voltage, force, and ion currents, among others.

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