scholarly journals Long-Range Signaling Activation and Local Inhibition Separate the Mesoderm and Endoderm Lineages

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-191.e5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonius L. van Boxtel ◽  
Andrew D. Economou ◽  
Claire Heliot ◽  
Caroline S. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Local Inhibition ◽  
Signaling Activation

scholarly journals Surround suppression explained by long-range recruitment of local competition, in a columnar V1 model

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongzhi You ◽  
Giacomo Indiveri ◽  
Dylan R. Muir
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Orientation Tuning ◽  
Excitatory Response ◽  
Local Competition ◽  
Local Inhibition ◽  
Complex Orientation ◽  
Physiological Profiles ◽  
Cortical Excitation ◽  
Complex Features

Although neurons in columns of visual cortex of adult carnivores and primates share similar orientation tuning preferences, responses of nearby neurons are surprisingly sparse and temporally uncorrelated, especially in response to complex visual scenes. The mechanisms underlying this counter-intuitive combination of response properties are still unknown. Here we present a computational model of columnar visual cortex which explains experimentally observed integration of complex features across the visual field, and which is consistent with anatomical and physiological profiles of cortical excitation and inhibition. In this model, sparse local excitatory connections within columns, coupled with strong unspecific local inhibition and functionally-specific long-range excitatory connections across columns, give rise to competitive dynamics that reproduce experimental observations. Our results explain surround modulation of responses to simple and complex visual stimuli, including reduced correlation of nearby excitatory neurons, increased excitatory response selectivity, increased inhibitory selectivity, and complex orientation-tuning of surround modulation.

Long-Range Inhibition Within the Zebra Finch Song Nucleus RA Can Coordinate the Firing of Multiple Projection Neurons

1999 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 3007-3020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Spiro ◽  
Matthew B. Dalva ◽  
Richard Mooney
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Zebra Finch ◽  
Feedback Inhibition ◽  
Brain Slices ◽  
Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Current Frequency ◽  
Functional Connections ◽  
Local Inhibition ◽  
Zebra Finch Song

Long-range inhibition within the zebra finch song nucleus RA can coordinate the firing of multiple projection neurons. The zebra finch forebrain song control nucleus RA (robust nucleus of the archistriatum) generates a phasic and temporally precise neural signal that drives vocal and respiratory motoneurons during singing. RA’s output during singing predicts individual notes, even though afferent drive to RA from the song nucleus HVc is more tonic, and predicts song syllables, independent of the particular notes that comprise the syllable. Therefore RA’s intrinsic circuitry transforms neural activity from HVc into a highly precise premotor output. To understand how RA’s intrinsic circuitry effects this transformation, we characterized RA interneurons and projection neurons using intracellular recordings in brain slices. RA interneurons fired fast action potentials with steep current-frequency relationships and had small somata with thin aspinous processes that extended throughout large portions of the nucleus; the similarity of their fine processes to those labeled with a glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody strongly suggests that these interneurons are GABAergic. Electrical stimulation revealed that RA interneurons receive excitatory inputs from RA’s afferents, the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum (LMAN) and HVc, and from local axon collaterals of RA projection neurons. To map the functional connections that RA interneurons make onto RA projection neurons, we focally uncaged glutamate, revealing long-range inhibitory connections in RA. Thus these interneurons provide fast feed-forward and feedback inhibition to RA projection neurons and could help create the phasic pattern of bursts and pauses that characterizes RA output during singing. Furthermore, selectively activating the inhibitory network phase locks the firing of otherwise unconnected pairs of projection neurons, suggesting that local inhibition could coordinate RA output during singing.

Local inhibition and long-range enhancement of Dpp signal transduction by Sog

Nature ◽  
10.1038/18892 ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 398 (6726) ◽  
pp. 427-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary L. Ashe ◽  
Michael Levine
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Local Inhibition

scholarly journals Different roles for inhibition in the rhythm-generating respiratory network

2017 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 2070-2088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kameron Decker Harris ◽  
Tatiana Dashevskiy ◽  
Joshua Mendoza ◽  
Alfredo J. Garcia ◽  
Jan-Marino Ramirez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Biophysical Model ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Local Inhibition ◽  
Respiratory Network ◽  
Bötzinger Complex ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Rhythmic Behaviors

Unraveling the interplay of excitation and inhibition within rhythm-generating networks remains a fundamental issue in neuroscience. We use a biophysical model to investigate the different roles of local and long-range inhibition in the respiratory network, a key component of which is the pre-Bötzinger complex inspiratory microcircuit. Increasing inhibition within the microcircuit results in a limited number of out-of-phase neurons before rhythmicity and synchrony degenerate. Thus unstructured local inhibition is destabilizing and cannot support the generation of more than one rhythm. A two-phase rhythm requires restructuring the network into two microcircuits coupled by long-range inhibition in the manner of a half-center. In this context, inhibition leads to greater stability of the two out-of-phase rhythms. We support our computational results with in vitro recordings from mouse pre-Bötzinger complex. Partial excitation block leads to increased rhythmic variability, but this recovers after blockade of inhibition. Our results support the idea that local inhibition in the pre-Bötzinger complex is present to allow for descending control of synchrony or robustness to adverse conditions like hypoxia. We conclude that the balance of inhibition and excitation determines the stability of rhythmogenesis, but with opposite roles within and between areas. These different inhibitory roles may apply to a variety of rhythmic behaviors that emerge in widespread pattern-generating circuits of the nervous system. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The roles of inhibition within the pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) are a matter of debate. Using a combination of modeling and experiment, we demonstrate that inhibition affects synchrony, period variability, and overall frequency of the preBötC and coupled rhythmogenic networks. This work expands our understanding of ubiquitous motor and cognitive oscillatory networks.

Severe Drooling and Treatment With Botulinum Toxin

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Merete Bakke ◽  
Allan Bardow ◽  
Eigild Møller
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Acetylcholine Release ◽  
Psychosocial Problems ◽  
Rate Reduction ◽  
Local Inhibition ◽  
Surgical Treatments

Severe drooling is associated with discomfort and psychosocial problems and may constitute a health risk. A variety of different surgical and non-surgical treatments have been used to diminish drooling, some of them with little or uncertain effect and others more effective but irreversible or with side effects. Based on clinical evidence, injection with botulinum toxin (BTX) into the parotid and submandibular glands is a useful treatment option, because it is local, reversible, and with few side effects, although it has to be repeated. The mechanism of BTX is a local inhibition of acetylcholine release, which diminishes receptor-coupled secretion and results in a flow rate reduction of 25–50% for 2–7 months.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document