High concentrations of the compatible solute glycinebetaine destabilize model membranes under stress conditions

Cryobiology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk K. Hincha
Keyword(s):  
Compatible Solute ◽  
Model Membranes ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
High Concentrations

scholarly journals Mode of Action of the Antimicrobial Peptide Aureocin A53 from Staphylococcus aureus

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 5274-5280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daili Jacqueline Aguilar Netz ◽  
Maria do Carmo de Freire Bastos ◽  
Hans-Georg Sahl
Keyword(s):  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Model Membranes ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Rapid Release ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Staphylococcus Simulans ◽  
Tryptophan Emission

ABSTRACT We investigated the mode of action of aureocin A53 on living bacterial cells and model membranes. Aureocin A53 acted bactericidally against Staphylococcus simulans 22, with >90% of the cells killed within a few minutes. Cell death was followed by lysis, as indicated by a clearing of the cell suspension and Gram staining. Aureocin A53 rapidly dissipated the membrane potential and simultaneously stopped biosynthesis of DNA, polysaccharides, and protein. Aureocin A53 induced a rapid release of preaccumulated glutamate and Rb+. Experiments on model membranes demonstrated that aureocin A53 provoked significant leakage of carboxyfluorescein (CF) exclusively from acidic liposomes but only at relatively high concentrations (0.5 to 8 mol%). Thus, the bactericidal activity of aureocin A53 derives from membrane permeation via generalized membrane destruction rather than by formation of discrete pores within membranes. Tryptophan emission fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrated interaction of aureocin A53 with both acidic and neutral membranes, as indicated by similar blue shifts. Since there was no significant aureocin A53-induced CF leakage from neutral liposomes, its appears that the peptide does interact with neutral lipids without provoking membrane damage.

Simultaneous heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification at high concentrations of NaCl and ammonia nitrogen by Halomonas bacteria

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 386-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Te Wang ◽  
Jian Li ◽  
Ling Hua Zhang ◽  
Ying Yu ◽  
Yi Min Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Removal Rate ◽  
Sodium Succinate ◽  
Bacterial Genome ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Compatible Solute ◽  
Heterotrophic Nitrification ◽  
Aerobic Denitrification ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
N Removal ◽  
High Concentrations

To improve the efficiency of simultaneous heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification (SND) at high concentrations of NaCl and ammonia nitrogen (NH4+—N), we investigated the SND characteristics of Halomonas bacteria with the ability to synthesize the compatible solute ectoine. Halomonas sp. strain B01, which was isolated, screened and identified in this study, could simultaneously remove nitrogen (N) by SND and synthesize ectoine under high NaCl conditions. Gene cloning and sequencing analysis indicated that this bacterial genome contains ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) and nitrate reductase (narH) genes. Optimal conditions for N removal in a solution containing 600 mg/L NH4+–N were as follows: sodium succinate supplied as organic carbon (C) source at a C/N ratio of 5, pH 8 and shaking culture at 90 rpm. The N removal rate was 96.0% under these conditions. The SND by Halomonas sp. strain B01 was performed in N removal medium containing 60 g/L NaCl and 4,000 mg/L NH4+–N; after 180 h the residual total inorganic N concentration was 21.7 mg/L and the N removal rate was 99.2%. Halomonas sp. strain B01, with the ability to synthesize the compatible solute ectoine, could simultaneously tolerate high concentrations of NaCl and NH4+–N and efficiently perform N removal by SND.

scholarly journals Drought effects on the mineral composition of the leaves of Actinidia species

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 710-722
Author(s):  
N.V. Tetyannikov ◽  
N.V. Кozak ◽  
D.V. Panischeva ◽  
M.E. Mertvischeva ◽  
М.S. Gins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Soil Drought ◽  
Scientific Center ◽  
High Concentrations

Against the background of global climate change, drought stress has become one of the environmental limiting factors that can significantly influence the growth and development of crop plants. Drought stress conditions also cause changes in plant physiological and metabolic processes. The influence of soil drought on the mineral composition of the leaves of two Actinidia species with С3-type photosynthesis, namely, Actinidia argutа (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. cultivar ‘Taezhny Dar’ and Actinidia kolomikta (Maxim. & Rupr.) Maxim. cultivar ‘Narodnaya’, was studied through energy dispersive spectrometry. The investigations were carried out during 2020 to 2021 at the Department of Genofonde and Bioresources of Plants, Federal Scientific Center for Horticulture, Moscow. The present research revealed that actinidia leaves contained the following major elements: K (11.19 mass% to 13.84 mass%), Ca (7.83% to 12.08 mass%), Cl (6.20 mass% to 7.33 mass%), and Mg (2.98 mass% to 3.44 mass%). Low values were recorded for Mo (1.19 mass% to 4.49 mass%) and P (0.83 mass% to 1.25 mass%). In both species, the mineral elements K and Ca were present at high levels. A positive correlation was observed between Mg–P, K–Mn, Mn–Se, Cu-Se, P–Si, Na–Mo, and Si–Mn in the leaves of A. argutа and between Cl–Ca, Mo; P–Si, Mo; and K–Ca in the leaves of A. kolomikta. Under stress conditions, the ratios of K/Ca and K/P declined to 0.9 and 6.3, respectively, whereas those of K/Cl, K/Mg, and K/Mo increased to 3.8, 4.4, and 2.7, respectively. The present studies confirmed that actinidia leaves contained high concentrations of minerals, especially K, Ca, P, and Mg, and that the accumulation of mineral elements in actinidia plant leaves under drought conditions varied depending on the species.

Antagonism of sodium toxicity by the compatible solute betaine in anaerobic methanogenic systems

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Yerkes ◽  
S. Boonyakitsombut ◽  
R. E. Speece
Keyword(s):  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Compatible Solute ◽  
Fluidized Bed Reactors ◽  
Volatile Acid ◽  
Batch Reactors ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Sodium Toxicity ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Uasb Reactors

In this paper, the compatible solute betaine is investigated for its antagonistic effects toward sodium toxicity in anaerobic methanogenic systems. Concentrations of betaine as low as 1 mM are shown to be effective at reducing the toxicity symptoms of high concentrations of sodium in the following anaerobic reactor systems: batch reactors seeded with a Methanosarcina enriched culture and batch reactors seeded with a Methanothrix culture, where the acclimation time or lag time before methane production begins is reduced significantly; CSTRs, where the acetic acid uptake rate increases dramatically; fluidized bed reactors, where gas production and pH increase and effluent COD and volatile acid concentration decrease; and UASB reactors, where gas production increases markedly. Because the phenomenon of sodium toxicity antagonism by betaine was demonstrated in anaerobic batch reactors, CSTRs, fluidized bed reactors, and UASB reactors, the usefulness of betaine in an industrial application may be feasible.

Trehalose Protects Yeast Pyrophosphatase against Structural and Functional Damage Induced by Guanidinium Chloride

1996 ◽  
Vol 51 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 160-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Sola-Penna ◽  
José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Degradation Product ◽  
Stress Condition ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Guanidinium Chloride ◽  
Nium Chloride ◽  
Pyrophosphatase Activity ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Very High

Abstract Trehalose is accumulated at very high concentrations in yeasts when this organism is sub­ mitted to a stress condition. This report approaches the question on the protective effect of trehalose and its degradation product, glucose, against structural and functional damage promoted by guanidinium on yeast cytosolic pyrophosphatase. Here it is shown that both, 1 ᴍ trehalose or 2 ᴍ glucose, are able to attenuate at almost the same extent the conforma­ tional changes promoted by guanidinium chloride on the pyrophosphatase structure. On the other hand, while 1 m trehalose increases 3.8 times the Ki (from 0.15 to 0.57 ᴍ) for guanidi­ nium chloride inhibition of pyrophosphatase activity, 2 m glucose did not even duplicate this parameter (from 0.15 to 0.25 ᴍ). These data support evidences for a functional reason for the accumulation by yeasts of trehalose, and not other compound, during stress conditions.

scholarly journals Compatible-Solute-Supported Periplasmic Expression of Functional Recombinant Proteins under Stress Conditions

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 1572-1579 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Barth ◽  
M. Huhn ◽  
B. Matthey ◽  
A. Klimka ◽  
E. A. Galinski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Recombinant Proteins ◽  
Glycine Betaine ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Halophilic Bacteria ◽  
Compatible Solutes ◽  
Compatible Solute ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
High Yield ◽  
High Concentrations

ABSTRACT The standard method of producing recombinant proteins such as immunotoxins (rITs) in large quantities is to transform gram-negative bacteria and subsequently recover the desired protein from inclusion bodies by intensive de- and renaturing procedures. The major disadvantage of this technique is the low yield of active protein. Here we report the development of a novel strategy for the expression of functional rIT directed to the periplasmic space of Escherichia coli. rITs were recovered by freeze-thawing of pellets from shaking cultures of bacteria grown under osmotic stress (4% NaCl plus 0.5 M sorbitol) in the presence of compatible solutes. Compatible solutes, such as glycine betaine and hydroxyectoine, are low-molecular-weight osmolytes that occur naturally in halophilic bacteria and are known to protect proteins at high salt concentrations. Adding 10 mM glycine betaine for the cultivation of E. coliunder osmotic stress not only allowed the bacteria to grow under these otherwise inhibitory conditions but also produced a periplasmic microenvironment for the generation of high concentrations of correctly folded rITs. Protein purified by combinations of metal ion affinity and size exclusion chromatography was substantially stabilized in the presence of 1 M hydroxyecotine after several rounds of freeze-thawing, even at very low protein concentrations. The binding properties and cytotoxic potency of the rITs were confirmed by competitive experiments. This novel compatible-solute-guided expression and purification strategy might also be applicable for high-yield periplasmic production of recombinant proteins in different expression systems.

scholarly journals Cysteinolic Acid Is a Widely Distributed Compatible Solute of Marine Microalgae

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 683
Author(s):  
Simona Fenizia ◽  
Jerrit Weissflog ◽  
Georg Pohnert
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Cycle ◽  
Compatible Solute ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Elevated Salinity ◽  
The Family ◽  
Polar Metabolites ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Main Representative ◽  
Mass Spectrometric Techniques ◽  
Surrounding Seawater

Phytoplankton rely on bioactive zwitterionic and highly polar small metabolites with osmoregulatory properties to compensate changes in the salinity of the surrounding seawater. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is a main representative of this class of metabolites. Salinity-dependent DMSP biosynthesis and turnover contribute significantly to the global sulfur cycle. Using advanced chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques that enable the detection of highly polar metabolites, we identified cysteinolic acid as an additional widely distributed polar metabolite in phytoplankton. Cysteinolic acid belongs to the class of marine sulfonates, metabolites that are commonly produced by algae and consumed by bacteria. It was detected in all dinoflagellates, haptophytes, diatoms and prymnesiophytes that were surveyed. We quantified the metabolite in different phytoplankton taxa and revealed that the cellular content can reach even higher concentrations than the ubiquitous DMSP. The cysteinolic acid concentration in the cells of the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii increases significantly when grown in a medium with elevated salinity. In contrast to the compatible solute ectoine, cysteinolic acid is also found in high concentrations in axenic algae, indicating biosynthesis by the algae and not the associated bacteria. Therefore, we add this metabolite to the family of highly polar metabolites with osmoregulatory characteristics produced by phytoplankton.

scholarly journals Biochemical and cytological features of onion bulbs and leaves collected from various ecogeographical origins

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-560
Author(s):  
V.I. Nemtinov ◽  
Y.N. Kostanchuk ◽  
V.S. Pashtetskiy ◽  
S.M. Motyleva ◽  
A.I. Bokhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Soil Drought ◽  
Scientific Center ◽  
Cytological Features ◽  
High Concentrations

Against the background of global climate change, drought stress has become one of the environmental limiting factors that can significantly influence the growth and development of crop plants. Drought stress conditions also cause changes in plant physiological and metabolic processes. The influence of soil drought on the mineral composition of the leaves of two Actinidia species with С3-type photosynthesis, namely, Actinidia argutа (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. cultivar ‘Taezhny Dar’ and Actinidia kolomikta (Maxim. & Rupr.) Maxim. cultivar ‘Narodnaya’, was studied through energy dispersive spectrometry. The investigations were carried out during 2020 to 2021 at the Department of Genofonde and Bioresources of Plants, Federal Scientific Center for Horticulture, Moscow. The present research revealed that actinidia leaves contained the following major elements: K (11.19 mass% to 13.84 mass%), Ca (7.83% to 12.08 mass%), Cl (6.20 mass% to 7.33 mass%), and Mg (2.98 mass% to 3.44 mass%). Low values were recorded for Mo (1.19 mass% to 4.49 mass%) and P (0.83 mass% to 1.25 mass%). In both species, the mineral elements K and Ca were present at high levels. A positive correlation was observed between Mg–P, K–Mn, Mn–Se, Cu-Se, P–Si, Na–Mo, and Si–Mn in the leaves of A. argutа and between Cl–Ca, Mo; P–Si, Mo; and K–Ca in the leaves of A. kolomikta. Under stress conditions, the ratios of K/Ca and K/P declined to 0.9 and 6.3, respectively, whereas those of K/Cl, K/Mg, and K/Mo increased to 3.8, 4.4, and 2.7, respectively. The present studies confirmed that actinidia leaves contained high concentrations of minerals, especially K, Ca, P, and Mg, and that the accumulation of mineral elements in actinidia plant leaves under drought conditions varied depending on the species.

Freeze-fracture, freeze-etch complementary pairs of virus-infected cells reveal value of etching even when relatively high concentrations of cryoprotectants are used

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-137
Author(s):  
Russell L. Steere ◽  
Eric F. Erbe
Keyword(s):  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Virus Infected Plant ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
High Concentrations

It has been assumed by many involved in freeze-etch or freeze-fracture studies that it would be useless to etch specimens which were cryoprotected by more than 15% glycerol. We presumed that the amount of cryoprotective material exposed at the surface would serve as a contaminating layer and prevent the visualization of fine details. Recent unexpected freeze-etch results indicated that it would be useful to compare complementary replicas in which one-half of the frozen-fractured specimen would be shadowed and replicated immediately after fracturing whereas the complement would be etched at -98°C for 1 to 10 minutes before being shadowed and replicated.Standard complementary replica holders (Steere, 1973) with hinges removed were used for this study. Specimens consisting of unfixed virus-infected plant tissue infiltrated with 0.05 M phosphate buffer or distilled water were used without cryoprotectant. Some were permitted to settle through gradients to the desired concentrations of different cryoprotectants.

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