Temperature-dependent fecundity of overwintered Unaspis yanonensis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) and use of degree-days for the prediction of first crawler

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 60-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Su bin Kim ◽  
Dong-Soon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Degree Days ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Unaspis Yanonensis

EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD AND TEMPERATURE ON DIAPAUSE OF TWO APHEL1NUS SPP. (HYMENOPTERA: APHELINIDAE) PARASITIZING THE RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID

1992 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 853-860 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.S. Yu
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Russian Wheat Aphid ◽  
Lower Threshold ◽  
Maximum Sensitivity ◽  
Thermal Constant ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
C 50 ◽  
Aphelinus Varipes

AbstractThe effects of photoperiod and temperature on the diapause of Aphelinus varipes (Focrster) from Kazakhstan and Apheiinus near varipes from Alberta, which both attack Russian wheat aphid, were studied in the laboratory. At 20 °C, 50% of A. varipes entered diapause when the photoperiod was between 12.5L:11.5D and 13L:11D whereas 50% of A. nr. varipes entered diapause when the photoperiod was around 14L:10D. Diapause induction was close to 100% at 11.5L:12.5D for both species. Maximum sensitivity to photoperiod occurred 2 days alter parasitization for A. varipes and 3 days after parasitization for A. nr. varipes. At 30 °C, the proportion of wasps entering diapause was reduced to 40 and 72% for A. varipes and A. nr. varipes, respectively. Exposing diapausing mummies to temperatures from 10 to −10 °C for 4–20 weeks shortened the postdiapause developmental time. Survival was lowered by exposing mummies to −10 °C for over 8 weeks. Postdiapause developmental rate was directly temperature dependent. The lower threshold and thermal constant for postdiapause development were estimated to be 10.3 °C and 189 degree-days (DD) for A. varipes and 7.41 °C and 204 DD for A. nr. varipes.

Diapause and emergence of Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and its parasitoid Macroglenes penetrans (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian L. Wise ◽  
Robert J. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Fine Quartz

AbstractThe requirements for successful diapause of field-collected larvae and emergence of the adult wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), and its egg parasitoid Macroglenes penetrans (Kirby) were investigated in the laboratory. Both species showed little decline in survival for up to 5 weeks at 20 °C in dry wheat spikes and could successfully diapause in wheat spikes at 0 °C for at least 200 d, although larvae usually drop to the soil to diapause. Both species diapaused successfully in clay loam and fine quartz sand, but survival was lower in vermiculite or coarse activated clay. Diapause was completed successfully at soil temperatures of −5 to 2.5 °C, and both species survived for at least 500 d at 2.5 °C with no increase in mortality. Larval survival declined after 120 d at −10 °C. Usually more than 95% of all surviving wheat midges emerged as adults after a single diapause period of 100 d or more, but up to 5% of wheat midges and 12%−57% of parasitoids did not emerge until they were exposed to a second cold period. Postdiapausal larvae pupated and adult wheat midges emerged at constant temperatures of 16, 20, 26, and 28 °C with no differences in mortality, although none emerged at 10 °C. The timing of wheat midge emergence was temperature dependent, requiring 306 degree-days above a threshold of 9 °C. Degree-day requirements and soil temperatures from a nearby weather station accurately predicted the average timing of emergence in the field, but not the year-to-year variation in date of 50% emergence. The wheat midge and its parasitoid are well adapted to the conditions they encounter in their range in western Canada. Methods for rearing both species through diapause and adult emergence are described.

INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON SURVIVAL AND RATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF PTEROMALUS VENUSTUS (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE), A PARASITE OF THE ALFALFA LEAFCUTTER BEE (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE)

1985 ◽  
Vol 117 (7) ◽  
pp. 811-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.H. Whitfield ◽  
K.W. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Western Canada ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Dependent Development ◽  
Rate Versus ◽  
Development Data ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Leafcutter Bee ◽  
Incubation Temperatures

AbstractIncidence of parasitism by Pteromalus venustus Walker in populations of the alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata (F.), in western Canada from 1976 to 1983 was found to average ca. 1%. An average of 17.4 parasite adults emerged from each host cocoon and the ratio of males to females was 1:1. Temperature-dependent development and survival at 8 constant temperatures are described. The range of temperatures for greatest survival of the parasite (30–32 °C) coincided with the recommended incubation temperatures for cocoons of the leafcutter bee. Development data fitted a 4-parameter development model. Linear regression of development rate versus temperature provided estimates of base temperature and development time in degree-days for the egg, larval, pupal, and combined stages.

RATE OF DEVELOPMENT, REPRODUCTION, AND MASS-REARING OF APANTELES FUMIFERANAE VIER. (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS

1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.G. Nealis ◽  
S. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Complete Development ◽  
Dependent Rate ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Daily Rate ◽  
Adult Wasp

AbstractThe temperature-dependent rate of development of the post-diapause larval and pupal stages of the spruce budworm parasitoid, Apanteles fumiferanae Vier., was estimated under controlled conditions. Parasitoid larvae required 289.0 degree-days (DD) above a threshold of 8.1 °C to complete development and the pupae required 106.2 DD above a threshold of 9.6 °C to complete development. Longevity of the adult wasp at several temperatures also was examined. Female wasps lived longer than male wasps at all temperatures. Wasps tended to mate more readily under natural than under artificial light conditions.Newly emerged female A. fumiferanae had few, if any, mature eggs in their ovaries. The number of mature eggs increased to a peak of 40–75 eggs, 4–12 days after eclosion of the adult. The pattern in number of ovipositions was similar to this pattern of egg availability. The daily rate of oviposition, however, was only about one-quarter the number of eggs available.These biological measurements are discussed in view of the development of a mass-rearing technique for this parasitoid.

scholarly journals (194) Quality Parameters in `Flame Seedless' Table Grapes Growing in Two Different Microclimatic Areas in Chile

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1050B-1050
Author(s):  
L. Antonio Lizana ◽  
Jorge M. Sandoval ◽  
Manuel Pinto ◽  
Luis Luchsinger
Keyword(s):  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Acid Degradation ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Dependent Rate ◽  
Set Up

An experiment was set up to elucidate the causes of differences in harvest time in the adjacent grape-growing areas of Rapel and Sotaqui in the Limari Valley, Chile. Berry samples of `Flame Seedless' were collected from each area, from 10 days after last GA spray until harvest (December to February). Soluble solids (SS), titrable acidity (TA), and SS/TA ratios were analyzed and days from full bloom to harvest, growing degree days, and ambient temperatures were recorded. In Rapel, full bloom was 25 Sept.; the harvest by 16 °Brix, started on 3 Jan., and the harvest by 20:1 SS/TA ratio (min. 15.5 °Brix) on 28 Dec. (11, 16, and 24 days earlier, respectively, than Sotaqui). Degree-days (DD) at harvest (16 °Brix) were 1058 in Rapel and 837 DD in Sotaqui. In the last 50 days prior to harvest, berry acidity was always lower in Rapel, decreasing from 0.87% to 0.47%, while in Sotaqui berry acidity decreased from 1.96% to 0.86%. From 20 Dec. to 2 Jan., the acidity did not decrease significantly (1.96% to 1.84%), but in the next 3 weeks decreased to 0.68%. This difference in the rate of acid degradation is related to the increase in minimum night temperatures in this same period of berry growth. It is concluded that the minimum temperature-dependent rate of organic acid degradation is the main factor influencing the SS/TA harvest index parameter.

scholarly journals Effect of temperature on the developmental rate, longevity and parasitism of Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae)

2008 ◽  
Vol 44 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Malina ◽  
J. Praslička
Keyword(s):  
Adult Development ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Aphidius Ervi ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Dependent Development ◽  
Aphis Pomi ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
The Relationship

Temperature-dependent development, longevity and parasitism of the parasitoid Aphidius ervi Haliday was measured at four constant temperatures between 15°C and 30°C using Aphis pomi de Geer as host. The thresholds for egg-mummy and mummy-adult development were 6.8°C and 3.9°C, respectively. Development into mummies required an average of 146.3 degree-days (DD), while development into adults took an average of 85.3 DD. Longevity was increasing linearly in the range from 15°C to 25°C (8–15 days), but was lower at 30°C (11 days). The relationship between parasitism, recorded as percent aphids mummified, and temperature was increasing at the temperatures 15–25°C, but decreasing at higher temperatures; 10.8% of the aphids were parasitised at 15°C, 15.9% at 25°C and 14.6% at 30°C. These results are compared with previously reported data on temperature-dependent development of A. ervi on a different host.

(111) Monocrystalline Nickel Films

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 512-513
Author(s):  
T.E. Pratt ◽  
R.W. Vook
Keyword(s):  
Film Thickness ◽  
Deposition Rate ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Residual Pressure ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Deposition Parameters ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Substrate Temperatures

(111) oriented thin monocrystalline Ni films have been prepared by vacuum evaporation and examined by transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. In high vacuum, at room temperature, a layer of NaCl was first evaporated onto a freshly air-cleaved muscovite substrate clamped to a copper block with attached heater and thermocouple. Then, at various substrate temperatures, with other parameters held within a narrow range, Ni was evaporated from a tungsten filament. It had been shown previously that similar procedures would yield monocrystalline films of CU, Ag, and Au.For the films examined with respect to temperature dependent effects, typical deposition parameters were: Ni film thickness, 500-800 A; Ni deposition rate, 10 A/sec.; residual pressure, 10-6 torr; NaCl film thickness, 250 A; and NaCl deposition rate, 10 A/sec. Some additional evaporations involved higher deposition rates and lower film thicknesses.Monocrystalline films were obtained with substrate temperatures above 500° C. Below 450° C, the films were polycrystalline with a strong (111) preferred orientation.

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